ant-Colonel Frye, with the advance column of the California Column, crossed the Rio Grande and would have pursued the enemy into Texas, had not orders from General Canby, of the Department of New Mexico held him back. (As it was he managed to raise the American flag over four forts). On August 7, 1862, Carleton reached the Rio Grande, and by the 22nd, the California Column hoisted the Stars and Stripes over Fort Quitman, Carleton then returned to Las Cruces, New Mexico, and on to Santa Fé, where in September General Canby relinquished the command of the Department of New Mexico and Carleton assumed it. The companies of the Column were scattered (from 1862-1865) from the Rio Grande to "Picketwire." Some went with Colonel Kit Carson and fought the Kiowas, and Comanches on the northern border; while others trailed the Apaches and the Navajoes to the Texas line. Thousands of warring tribesmen were rounded up. Thus the Column guarded the southern border, kept back the fiery Texans, fought Indians, and held Kansas, Colorado, and the country west of the Rocky Mountains for the North.

The record of all the California troops, in fact, is one of which her sons and daughters can well be proud. In northern California the First Battalion of Mountaineers kept down the hostile Indians. The Second Cavalry guarded the Overland mail-route in Utah, and kept down the Snake and Shoshone Indians. Part of the Third Infantry, sent to Humboldt county, settled Indian troubles there. And Colonel Connor, sent with his regiment to Salt Lake City, kept the Mormons from causing the Union trouble.1 The "California Hundred" and "Battalion" troops raised in California, which became a part of the Second Massachusetts Cavalry, left a brave record after them in their active service in the East.2 And the

1. The cordiality with which the Mormons looked upon the soldiers stationed near them may be deduced from the following remarks made by Brigham Young in the Tabernacle on March 8, 1863: "Is there anything we would not do to show our loyalty to the government? Yes. If the present administration should ask us for one thousand men or even five hundred to go down there (meaning to fight the Rebels) I would see them damned first, and then they could not have them while these soldiers are in our vicinity." At the same place and on the same day, Heber Kimball, second President of the Mormon Church, said: "We can defy the whole Federal Government." To which the congregation responded: "That's so, we can." Orton, Records of California Men in the War of the Rebellion, 511.

2. The "California Hundred" and "Battalion" came into existence because there were so many young men in California who ardently desired to go East to join the armies there-after it was found that California volunteers were being kept on the Pacific Coast. Massachusetts at this time was paying large bounties for volunteers, in order to fulfill requisitions made on her. So a proposition was made to the State of Massachusetts to raise a company in Callfornia, take it East and credit it to the quota of Massachusetts if the expenses of its organization and transportation were guaranteed. The "California Hundred" were thus selected from the five hundred men who offered themselves for enrollment, and arrived in Readville, near Boston, on January 4, 1863-bcoming Company "A" of the Second Massachusetts Cavalry. The "California Battalion" consisting of four companies was raised in a similar way and became Companies "E," "F," "L" and "M" of the Second Massachusetts Cavalry, which saw continuous, hard and active service in Virginia, Maryland, etc.

troops stationed throughout California during the entire war, rendered great service to the State, and to the Union in keeping down secessionists at home. To sum up the work of the Pacific Coast troops, and especially of the California troops, in the words of Bancroft: "The population of the whole Pacific Coast, including Utah and Colorado, was not equal to one-fourth of the single State of Pennsylvania. Yet to the volunteers of this sparse population was entrusted the labor of aweing avowed secession at home, guarding against foreign interference, and fighting numerous Indian tribes from Oregon in New Mexico."1

In conclusion, we may say that the loyal attitude which California as a State took towards the Civil War, although a profound disappointment to the Confederacy,2 "had a powerful effect upon the whole country. Nothing could have been more opportune or more effective." Although the furthest off of all the states, the heartiness and readiness with which California responded to all requisitions made on her, her unhesitating and determined language in reference to the Union cause, the important services rendered by California troops,-in short, her whole attitude to the Civil War was as praiseworthy and of as much value to the Union as that of many a Northern State closer to the scene of action. Hence, considering all her services in the contest for freedom, it seems only just that California "should share in the glory of having helped to preserve the integrity of the Union."4

1. Bancroft, History of California, VII, 314.

2. "Jefferson Davis had expected, with a confidence amounting to certainty, and based, as is believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it did not actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union, and would from its remoteness and its superlative importance, require a large contingent of the national forces to hold it in subjection. It was expected by the South that California and Oregon would give at least as much trouble as Kentucky and Missouri, and would thus indirectly, but powerfully, aid the Southern cause. The enthusiastic devotion which these distant States showed to the Union was therefore a surprise to the South and a most welcome relief to the national government." Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress, I, 308.

3. Hittell, History of California, IV, 323.

4 Bancroft, History of California, VII, 314.

ARIZONA'S ADMISSION TO STATEHOOD.

BY ARCHA MALCOLM FARLOW.

I. THE HISTORY AND RESOURCES OF ARIZONA.

If the history of Arizona1 were presented in one great drama it would represent a remarkable variation.2 Its earliest inhabitants, numerous and agricultural, left their only annals in their remainsold systems of irrigation and primitive implements now and then yielded by the soil. The Pima Indians gladdened the hearts of the padres by faithful devotion, while the Apaches were cruel and treacherous. Cabeza de Vaca sought succor and received it; Coronado, gold and found it not; the Jesuits, service and gave it in full measure. The American pioneers here reached the last frontier. They came to possess the land and though many perished3 they represent the last scene in the drama, no longer that of motley adventurers, fleeting shadows of conquistadores or unwritten tragedies of the desert, but a land of safety and promise.

The conquest of Peru by Almagro and Pizarro was similar to that of the occupation of Mexico by Hernando Cortez. Each added galleons of treasure to the coffers of Spain. This state rendered strong by the union of Castile and Aragon through the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469, thus raised to a position of affluence and respect, became a reckoning factor among the nations of Europe. Wealth, thus easily gained, led to extravagance and unwise enterprises that might have been less destructive had caution and moderation prevailed. Spanish diplomacy engendered hatred instead of friendship.4

The policy of Philip II. shattered Spanish dreams of empire and the full measure of the draught of wealth and power in her goblet of silver and gold was never quaffed. The blood of the Inca and

1. Authorities differ as to the origin of the name. It is a corruption of "Arazuma" first applied to the country by the early Spanish explorers. Some maintain that the word is of Pima origin, and means "Little Creek," while others hold that its derivation is from two Pima words, "Ari," a maiden, and "Zon, a valley or country, having reference to the traditionary maiden queen who once ruled over all the Pima nation.-Patrick Hamilton, Resources of Arizona, 21.

2. Id., 10.

3. In the ten years from 1864 to 1874 it is estimated that not less than one thousand victims of savage atrocity found bloody graves in Arizona.-Id., 25. 4. Effects of the Inquisition. Id., 85.

Montezuma was avenged. Beholding in pride her scepter over the world was but the mirage that vanished as quickly as did the dreams of her freebooters who chased imaginary eldorados always vanishing from their outstretched hands. Yet before the folly of Spain had clouded so roseate a future her trusted leaders* in America, enthused by the marvellous attainments of Pizarro and Cortez traversed the inhospitable sands of the desert, anticipating, day by day, on their toilsome marches, some undiscovered realm rivaling the barbaric splendor of Mexico and Peru. One who was especially ardent in seeking riches was Vasquez de Coronado. In 1539, Padre Marco de Niza set out from Culiacan to verify the stories told by De Vaca. His description of the "Seven Cities of Cibola," fabulously rich in all that might satisfy the very prince of Spanish adventurers, so wrought upon the desires1 of Coronado that he, the next year, 1540, with a company of followers numbering a thousand, made an expedition into what is now the State of Arizona. He named the ruins of Chichitilaca "Casa Grande," visited the Pima on the Gila, then passed on to the ingenious Moqui and Zuñi. They proved to be peaceful and hospitable. Their pueblos, still interesting products of semi-civilization, doubtless led De Niza to conclude that the goal of Spanish ambition was near.2

After remaining two years among the Indians in vain search for gold, bootless in spoil, richer in wisdom and withal less credulous of the stories told by his subordinates, Coronado returned to Mexico. The places he had visited gave him a vision of a part of what would become Arizona. Here came the holy fathers led by the dauntless Fathers Eusebio Francisco Kino and Juan Maria Salvatierra. The former died after a life that stands out in strong contrast to the rapacious spirit that impelled the fearless though disappointed Coronado. The natives, however, did not all conform to the type of the Zuñi and Pimas. The Apaches resented the intrusion of the Spaniards by a resistance that did not abate until they were removed to Florida.

In May, 1768, the Franciscans succeeded the Jesuits. The missions became ruins until only San Xavier del Bac is the one alone remaining in a state of preservation.

The public mind throughout New Spain was wrought up to a high pitch of excitement by the news which Padre de Niza brought on his return. The desire to extend the dominion of the Cross produced in the breasts of the fathers a feeling of holy adventure; and the thirst for gold and glory possessed the belted knight and the sturdy man-at-arms.-Patrick Hamilton, Resources of Arizona, 15.

1.

The Grand Canyon was discovered by Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, who appears to have given no more than ordinary attention to a scene that has no counterpart in all the titanic wonders of nature.

2. The expedition by water was led by Alaroon, who discovered the Gulf of California, which he named the Sea of Cortez.

In the end the missionaries poorly succeeded, for the Pimas in 1751 revolted. The Apaches were the destroyers of Tumacacori, at one time the richest of Arizona missions. They were good neophytes only in death when their treachery could no longer harm their self-sacrificing benefactors. However strong the opposition, there was no yielding to discouragement, and the Franciscans remained during the long period that subsequently contributed nothing to history from the land of the pueblos. The missions did not grow and prosper, but in due respect to the sincere motives of the fathers this tribute is due them-the faith they strove to establish is still found where they toiled. When Arizona was admitted as a state in 1911 the number of Catholics exceeded all other religious denominations taken together.1

Previous to 1846 the history of Arizona was that of the missions, the struggle between the padres and the natives whose antipathy could neither be overcome by force nor by the persuasion of religion. So far as the rest of the world was concerned Arizona was apart as fully as was the New World subsequent to the explorations of the Norsemen and previous to the coming of the caravels of Columbus.

In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase was added to the territories of Arizona and New Mexico. The United States had acquired the Mexican Cession in 1848, which included the remainder of Arizona, it being considered a part of the Great American Desert. Fourteen years after its acquisition it contained only 6,500 whites, and these were, for the most part, those who either going to or returning from California, had prospected over the plains and mountains and had found some hitherto undiscoverable charm that caused them to cast their lots in a land of grandeur if not of plenty. Since 1862 the population has steadily increased, reaching, inclusive of Indians and Mexicans, 204,354, according to the census of 1910.

The minerals of Arizona are no more remarkable in variety and abundance than are the rock strata in general. In no very remote geological age, this country was the recipient of considerable rainfall as evidenced by its old lake beds and its primeval forests, some of whose gigantic trees are preserved in agatized and silicified forms. These phenomena that indicate an age of greater humidity, also in silent speech tell of a meteoric change due to the formation of mountains which deprived these inland areas of moisture-laden winds. The age of these forests must be considerable, for had Arizona been

1. Church membership in Arizona in 1903: Protestant Episcopal, 1742; Methodist Episcopal, 1142; Fifth Avenue Christian, 200; Methodist Episcopal (S), 782; Roman Catholic, 40,000; Presbyterian, 2012; Congregational, 334; Baptist, 558; Free Methodist, 50; total, 46,820.-Compiled from Report of the Governor of Arizona, 78 and 79, 1903.