territories into states, unless they are so Americanized as to come into our Union so naturally that opposition would be to antagonize ourselves and assail the precedents that are behind our laws and customs.

The President of the United States has sustained Admiral Dewey and honored him at every step, from the first day of the war when they made their acquaintance intimate over the cable, but he reserved one decision until he was able to consult public opinion. That was what we should do with the Philippines when the time came to make the treaty that must follow the war with Spain. All questions were settled in the Protocol but that of the Spanish East Indies. That was absolutely but not expressly referred to the matured judgment of the citizens of the United States and the result was the decision that we should hold the islands. There are but few against the verdict. If there had been a popular vote on it the majority would have been ten millions to keep the prize so gallantly won. Those opposed to raising the objections are, the survivals of the antique ideas of the delightful symmetry of small countries and the delicious refinement of little things, and in addition there are those who think that they can gain something by the vulgarity of figuring on the twenty millions of indemnity to Spain, the expense of three weeks of war; and there is the soft, flabby demagogy of suffering for the sake of the people we have relieved from the Spanish yoke.

The line that we draw is that we are quite prepared to consent to the government of Cuba by Cubans and of the Philippines by the Filipinos, but we hold they would improve rapidly in the art of government by the experience of liberty under our guidance. We shall not fight them as against self-government, but they must not fall prey to a class of Spaniards inferior to those who fought for Spain, and of Malay chiefs, whose vanity, inflamed by possible prosperity and modified by material aid, is conspicuous with gilt and titles of distinction. We want to find the real people of the islands of Cuba and Luzon, and others, and we have not evidence that Aguinaldo and Gomez are men of the people. They are powerful in letters and proclamations that have the tropical features of literature, so floridly tinctured that it needs, to assume a wholesome aspect, to be tinged with the tones and strengthened with the American air of the North Temperate Zone.

We are content that the islanders in question shall have the government that pleases them, as soon as they show that they have a people whose policy has not been that of firebugs, and ravenous seekers of spoil. There

are people in Cuba and Luzon; let them step to the front. Distinction in superstition or accomplishment in assassination are not sufficient to constrain the United States to set up mutual administration and speculation societies of insurgents as a ruling class who shall govern over us as well as the Cubans and the Filipinos. This insufficiency is not held in favor by those who studied the art of government in swamps and the thorny underbrush of the wilderness. Those both in Cuba and Luzon who are threatening us with guerrilla warfare, if we do not submit to their presumption, appear, as the war manifested, to have voracity for the official privileges the Spaniards enjoyed, and would be willing, in consideration of our war of humanity, to aid us in a zealous and lucrative manner to carry on the government of the United States.

The elementary principles of the policy of expansion, are to improve the opportunities that occur for the appropriation of more land for the people, our people-we the people of the United States. George Dewey held the prize he won and William McKinley has sustained him handsomely for the sake of the people, and the people will stand with them while there is land for labor and power for guns.

Admiral Dewey knew General Merritt was coming. He had helped Aguinaldo against the Spaniards, but had ignored or opposed his fantastic pretensions. Then the insurgent chief was pleased to be, in the language of the Admiral, "threatening" toward Americans. The chief is surrounded by a queer assortment of fanatics, some of whom hold that he has a "charm" that makes him proof against bullets and poison, but he has to obtain the consent of certain persons before he can do anything. The great grievance against the Americans by the insurgents was, after the Spaniards surrendered Manila, that they were not allowed to enter the town in triumph and indulge the passions of revenge and looting.

They had been boasting that they could take Manila, but that was not in their power. It was the fleet of the United States in the bay that allowed the insurgents to blockade the city. It was the fleet too, that by drawing the line between the city and Forte Malate, preserving the former and crushing the latter, broke the Spanish line of defense without such loss of life as occurred at Santiago. We were the master of Manila with a loss small compared with the experience of carrying trenches in Cuba, because the navy forced the mouth of the harbor and made an end of the fleet in the bay with

out harming the city In storming the Spanish lines after the naval bombardment had cleared the entrance by the shore, the American forces were about one-third the Spaniards and Filipinos counted together. With two divisions of our troops engaged, one drove the Spanish and the other held back the insurgents. It was a divided duty and a double job, and an altogether artistic and effective piece of work. This event took place, it will be remembered, after the Protocol negotiated by the French Minister had been signed, but before knowledge of peace had reached the Oriental seat of

war.

One of the dangers in sending an American army across the Pacific was that there were loose Spanish gunboats, that might attack transports that were without convoys or effective batteries and crowded with troops. When the peril was realized, there were in several instances rifled cannon mounted on deck and men trained to handle the guns. General Greene prepared the China in her voyage out to Manila with rifles that it was believed would stand off a gunboat, and the same provision was made on the boat that carried Major General Otis, who had an artillery company of regulars on board, but the steamers with the soldiers, while stanch in encountering bad weather, were frail vehicles to be extemporized for ships of war. The voyages

were according to orders on lines easily followed. This cable will explain the method:

Dewey (care American consul), Hongkong:

Washington, June 27, 1898.

The Monadnock sailed June 25 from San Francisco, accompanied by collier Nero. Was ordered to proceed at utmost speed safely possible, and stops as short as possible, and to make the best of way to a point 600 nautical miles east true from Cape Engano, and thence to run to the west true until up to Cape Engano. If then she has not received from you a message to the contrary, she will proceed at once to Manila. This enables you to meet the Monadnock or to send a message to her within 600 nautical miles of Cape Engano, if you desire to do so. Furthermore, General Merritt's third division. of transports will leave about June 27 from San Francisco with about 4,000 men and not convoyed, but he has been advised to make and to sail the 600 knots east and west line as described for the Monadnock.

LONG.

The Spaniards were not enterprising, and there was no danger visibly

threatened. Admiral Dewey was kept well advised of the movement of reënforcements. The Secretary of the Navy cabled him June 18th: "Second division of the army expedition, about 3,500 men, in four steamers, sailed from San Francisco [at] noon on June 15. The army estimates they will make average speed 10 knots per hour, and touch two days at Honolulu. Sustained sea speęd seems doubtful."

June 25th the Secretary cabled Dewey via Hongkong: "Second army division, Gen. F. V. Greene commanding, left San Francisco to touch at Honolulu and Guam. Estimated to arrive at Guam July 10 and expects to meet convoying vessel from you at Guam. If practicable, send one. If you cannot do, then charter vessel and send naval officer Guam. Inform commanding officer expedition to come to Engano or Manila without convoy. The War Department states Greene would not touch Guam, but now announces he will touch there."

The Secretary of the Navy cabled:

"The Spanish fleet from Cadiz passed Cape Bon, going to the east, June 22, 3 p. m. Expected to go to Manila. Comprise Pelayo, Emperor Carlos V., three torpedo-boat destroyers, three auxiliary armed steamers, and seven transports. In all 15 sail.

"Monterey and the collier sailed [for] Manila from San Diego on June 11. The Monadnock and the collier will follow June 20 if possible. Could not you have a vessel at Hongkong to receive notice concerning Spanish fleet passing Suez?”

June 29th Long wired to Dewey as follows: "The different reenforcements sent to you are as follows: First army detachment and the Charleston sailed May 21 from San Francisco via Honolulu and Guam. Estimated sea speed, 10 knots. The Monterey sailed June 11 from San Diego, Cal., via Honolulu and Guam, probably estimated sea speed, 10 knots per hour. The Monadnock sailed June 25 from San Francisco for Honolulu and then direct. Estimated sea speed, 6 knots per hour, perhaps more. Third army detachment sailed June 27 from San Francisco; was recommended to go direct. Squadron under Watson, the Iowa and Oregon, the Yankee and the Dixie, the Newark and the Yosemite, and four colliers preparing with all possible dispatch to start for Spanish coast. The Spaniards know this." Twenty thousand tons of coal were reported to be aboard supply vessels for the war boats announced to Dewey June 27th in these terms:

"Camara's fleet arrived off Port Said June 26, and is reported by our agent there as follows: Pelayo, Carlos V., Audaz, Osada, Proserpina, Patriota, 12 guns, and three unarmed transports, Colon, Covadonga, and San Francisco. They will coal immediately-to be supplied by Cory Brothers, whose agents are Savon Bazui."

There was according to all appearances a serious line of business in this movement, but it evaporated. Dewey's purpose was to evacuate the harbor at Manila if the Spanish fleet, too strong to fight without getting the worst of it, should pass into the China Sea and reach the Babujan Islands north of Luzon. Long's cable to Dewey July 1st is proof of this.

General Merritt, Commander-in-Chief of the Philippine expedition, sailed from San Francisco June 29th and arrived at Cavite, Manila Bay, July 25th. General Thomas M. Anderson was in command of the United States troops up to that time, his headquarters being in Cavite. General F. V. Greene with his brigade was encamped along the bay near the village of Paranague, "about five miles by water and twenty-five miles by the roads from Cavite, and a strip as described by General Merritt, "of sandy land running parallel to the shore of the bay and not far distant from the beach, but owing to the great difficulties of landing supplies, the greater portion of the force had shelter tents only and were suffering many discomforts, the camp being situated in a low, flat place, without shelter from the heat of the tropical sun or adequate protection during the terrific downpours of rain so frequent at this season."

General Merritt was "at once struck by the exemplary spirit of patient, even cheerful, endurance shown by the officers and men under such circumstances, and this feeling of admiration for the manner in which the American soldiers, volunteer and regular alike, accept the necessary hardships of the work they have undertaken to do, has grown and increased with every phase of the difficult and trying campaign which the troops of the Philippine expedition have brought to such a brilliant and successful conclusion."

The General found that the left or north flank of Greene's command "extended to a point on the 'Calle Real,' about 3,200 yards from the outer line of Spanish defenses of the city of Manila. This Spanish line began at the powder magazine, or old Fort San Antonio, within a hundred yards of the beach and just south of the Malate suburb of Manila, and stretched away to the Spanish left in more or less detached works, eastward, through