1-Map of Santiago and Vicinity, Showing Intrenchments and Positions of the Fifth PAGE Army Corps, U. S. Army, and Those of the Spanish.............. -Plan Showing Position of Both Armies before Santiago, July 3, 1898 .... 3-Official Diagram Showing Plan of Naval Battle off Santiago, July 3, 1898.................. 493 4-Official Sketch Showing External Injuries Sustained by the "Brooklyn" at Santiago, July 3, 1898........... 403 408 495 5-Official Sketch Showing External Injuries Sustained by the "Iowa" at Santiago, July 3, 1898............ 495 6-Official Diagram Showing Where the Spanish Vessels Were Abandoned off Santiago, July 3, 1898........... 497 7-Official Sketch Showing Damage Done to Chain Locker by a Spanish Shell, July 3, 1898.... 501 8-Official Plan of "Vizcaya," Showing Approximate Location of Hits and Probable Size of Projectiles 503 9-Official Plan of "Oquendo," Showing Approximate Location of Hits and Probable Size of Projectiles. 503 10-Official Plan of "Maria Teresa," Showing Approximate Location of Hits and Probable Size of Projectiles.... 507 11-Official Plan of "Cristobal Colon," Showing Approximate Location of Hits and Probable Size of Projectiles........ 507 12-Plan Showing Stations of American Fleet at Santiago before the Battle, July 3......... 518 13-Official Map Showing Plan of American and Spanish Trenches before Manila in August, 1898...... 557 PAGE 14-Official 'Map Showing Country South of the Pasig River and West of the Paranaque River, in Which the Military Operations before Manila Were Conducted in August, 1898...... 15-Official Sketch Showing Positions of First Brigade, Second Division, Eighth Corps, in Operations against Manila, August, 1898......... 16-Map of Porto Rico, in Colors, from Latest Government Surveys.......... 17-Map of Cuba, in Colors, from Latest Government Surveys.......... 18-Map of Hawaii, in Colors, from Latest Government Surveys....... 559 563 765 767 769 19-Map of the Philippine Islands, in Colors, from Latest Government Surveys............... 771 CHAPTER I. The Origin of the War Between the United States and Spain. American Good Will for Spain-The Situation in 1869-The Sickles and Prim NegotiationPrim Willing to Sell Cuba-"The Honor of Spain"-Diplomatic Papers that Should be Studied-Spain Sends an Army to Cuba-The Valmaseda Proclamation-The Wrongs ot Cuba-We Must Find the Real People of Cuba. More than four centuries after the discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus, there was in the celebration of that event in the vanished. yet memorable White City at Chicago, a revelation to the nations and people accustomed to regard us as a mass of material rudely fashioned, of the advance of American art and the accomplishments of our higher civilization. There was also manifest, to the students of the progress of mankind, a tremendous force of public opinion, and an augmented excellence in character and fervor of expression, of a distinctive national character, clean cut and glowing with public pride and patriotism. One of the features of the celebration was the kindly popular sentiment respecting Spain, and a regard for the people of the peninsula of Europe that enters the Atlantic. One of the treasured and consecrated figures shining in our traditions was Isabella, the friend of Columbus (who offered to pledge her jewels that he might sail westward and expand the area of cultivation and Christianity)—Columbus, the first of our heroes, not a Spaniard, but one who gave Spain a new world and his ashes, whose incomparable discoveries became august through the ages by the misfortunes that closed his illustrious life in gloom. The pen of Washington Irving made the Alhambra dear to Americans, and in the mellow splendor of his pages the ancient romantic traditions and tragic histories of the land of Cervantes were enriched in a golden atmosphere like that of the masterpieces of Murillo. The descendants of Columbus, coming by way of Havana; the Princess of the royal reigning house of Spain; and the chosen ships of her navy, were welcomed to our shores, homes and harbors, and entertained with a superb hospitality, so profuse that the fault of its pomp was forgiven on account of its sincerity. Almost forgotten were the stories of Spain's cruelties; nearly effaced from American soil the crimson of her footsteps. The olden grandeur of Spain was for the youth of our country a fascinating story, half history, half romance. So far as we knew how far we were misjudged by Spain, our resentment was softened by remembrance of her fallen fortunes, and compassion for austere vanity and solemn conceit that was content with ignorance. We were even hopeful of Spanish Republicanism. There was something that Whittier sang, "The north wind told to the pines, the wild duck to the sea." It was that the Lord was showing signs the slaves should sometime be free. There were many signs that the day was soon coming that Cuba should be free, and few Americans have ever doubted that the freedom of Cuba meant she was to be under the wing of the Great Republic of the North. This was written when the island first grew green in the summer seas, and the Americas emerged from chaos. This was not a secret held in the mind of Spain, though an arrow piercing the Spanish heart. Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, whose grandson fell foremost in the charge of the Rough Riders at Santiago, wrote July 29, 1869, to General Sickles at Madrid in terms that equally well described that time and the situation in 1897. The official synopsis of the State papers describes the communication of Mr. Fish in these terms: "The insurrection of Cuba is causing great devastation, and will result, if continued, in the destruction of the productive capacity of the island. Reasons why the United States have a peculiar interest in the fortunes and prosperity of the island. Contest one for self-government and freedom. Self-government for every part of the Ameri can hemisphere and freedom from transatlantic rule a growing sentiment in the United States. This has been recognized by other powers. Spain may, with honor, recognize it and treat for the surrender of her rights in Cuba." Marshal Prim's reply on behalf of Spain was that he recognized the inevitable termination of colonial relations in America, but Spain could not be reconciled to that till hostilities ceased. General Sickles replied that Spain was not asked to treat with insurgents, but with a friendly power and old ally. Prim responded that the United States might be assured of the good faith of Spain, but that the insurrection had not assumed proportions that could require a government to treat during hostilities. The insurgents held no port or ships, and had no army that offered or accepted battle. The language of Mr. Fish in writing to Mr. Sickles at this juncture was: "It can no longer be a question of national dignity, nor can the proper pride or the just susceptibilities of a great power refuse to consider the question of a voluntary severance of past relations between itself and distant possessions. Spain herself was one of the first of the great European powers to cede voluntarily its distant colonial possessions, for she transferred Louisiana to France and subsequently ceded Florida to the United States."' The Secretary proceeded: "The strife still continues in Cuba. It has already marked its track by devastation and ruin-towns sacked, houses burned, plantations destroyed, and lives lost. On either side the war has been one of desolation, and, if continued, must result in the entire destruction. of a large part of the productive capacity of the island as well as of an immense amount of property and of human life. "It is not impossible that the Cubans may be conquered, if Spain devotes her whole energies to the work; but they can never again be contented, happy, faithful, or quiet subjects of that power. Assuming that Spain may eventually subdue the present insurrection, she will find herself in possession of a devastated and ruined territory, inhabited by a discontented people. The enlightened statesmen of Spain cannot fail to appreciate that the feelings. and the affections of the entire native population of the island are not only estranged, but they are deeply hostile to the continuance of Spanish rule. Nor can they fail to recognize the advancing growth of that sentiment which. claims for every part of the American hemisphere the right of self-government and freedom from transatlantic dependence. "England, bound as she has been to the traditions of the past, tenacious as she has been of her possessions, and conservative of all her rights and interests, has recognized the force of this feeling, and has anticipated events by granting self-government to her North American provinces. Denmark, approving the policy of the separation of colonies from the parent state, is endeavoring to part with her insular possessions." The example of Russia in selling Alaska was pertinently quoted. In a striking picture of recent conditions the fate of Porto Rico was foreshadowed by Secretary Fish June 29, 1869: "The same causes which have |