positions would be-what part we should take in collecting and expending the revenue and administering the government.

"The hatred between the Spanish and natives is very intense, and cannot be eradicated. The natives are all Roman Catholics and devoted to the church, but have bitter hatred for monastic orders-Dominican, Franciscan, and Recollects. They insist that these be sent out of the country or they will murder them. These friars own the greater part of the land, and have grown rich by oppressing the native husbandmen."

General Merritt said the Philippines would have to be educated up to self-government, and he added: "They want a protectorate, but they do not exactly understand what that means. Their idea is that they should collect the revenues and keep them in their treasury, and that we should be at the expense of maintaining an army and a navy there for their protection, which is the kind of a protectorate they would like very much."

Major Frank Barnes stated: "The masses of the people will accept our government as soon as they understand the form of government that we would offer. The people are for the most part easily controlled by proper methods, the essence of which can be expressed in two words-justice and firmness. I have definite information also that at least three or four of the leading men of the provinces to the north and east of Manila are not at all in harmony with those in authority around Manila."

It was the opinion of the Major that if a few of the ambitious chieftains. were disposed of, those who controlled the insurgent army, "the masses of the people could be handled without difficulty. At the present it is my opinion that these chieftains find themselves in a difficult position on account of the promises made to their followers in regard to looting Manila, said promises being so far unfulfilled. Their troops have been serving up to the present time almost without remuneration, promises being made that their reward would come when Manila capitulated. I have availed myself of every opportunity to talk with natives and half-castes, both in the insurgent territory and in Manila. I find that many of them would be perfectly willing to accept an American government, and many of them are very anxious that we should take full possession of the islands. Many others hold to the desire of the insurgent chiefs for a Philippine government under the protection of the United States.

Major J. F. Bell, of the Bureau of Information, reported to General Mer

ritt in Manila Bay, that Aguinaldo had about $200,000, and in Baccoar $220,000 in public funds. Major Bell catalogues and describes the leaders. among Aguinaldo's following in this highly interesting way:

"Aguinaldo.-Honest, sincere, and poor, not well educated, but a natural leader of men, with considerable shrewdness and ability; has the power of creating among the people confidence in himself, and is undoubtedly a very popular man, highly respected by all; but there are many better educated and richer natives who do not think he has sufficient education or experience to be a suitable president. He was a 'little governor' of a small town in one of the provinces. It is also said that he was a school teacher, but I have been unable to verify this assertion.

"There is no Secretary of State, the place being kept open for one Cayetano S. Arellano, a prominent native citizen who is said to be the best lawyer and best man among the native prominent men. He is now in Pagsanjan, and has been repeatedly sent for, but does not return, stating as an excuse that he cannot get through Santa Cruz, which is held by the Spanish. He is an avowed annexationist, and does not believe the Filipino people sufficiently advanced in the arts and laws of civilization to govern themselves.

"Baldomero Aguinaldo, a first cousin of Don Emilio, is Secretary of War, and is a swelled dunce, and was once a schoolmaster.

“Mariano Trias, an educated, honest man, of mediocre capacity, is Secretary of the Treasury. He was the Vice-President of a former revolution, and of all the insurgent leaders, he stands next to Aguinaldo in popularity with the people.

"Leandro Y. Barra, a lawyer and good, honest man, is Secretary of the

Interior.

"One Estefan de la Rama, a rich and educated man, who speaks English, is commandante de marina, or commander-in-chief of the navy. He is reported honest and capable.

'Aguinaldo's interpreter and secretary is one Escamilla, a good linguist, speaking Latin, French, Spanish, and English-Spanish fluently and English well, to my personal knowledge. He was a teacher of the piano in Hongkong, and is one of the best interpreters I have ever seen.

"One Malabini, a student of law and notary public, honest, but not especially talented, is one of his councilors. There is a prominent and wealthy citizen of this city who is also a councilor, but I prefer not to mention his

name. He is an avowed annexationist, and sincerely hopes the Americans may remain here.

"Don Felipe Agoncillo is a highly respected lawyer, and has for some time been the Filipino agent in Hongkong. I understand it is he who has been designated by Aguinaldo to go to Paris and America to represent the insurgent cause.

"C. Sandico, a skilled and well-educated machinist, who speaks English quite well, is a prominent man, and coadjutor of Aguinaldo. His present commission is to appear on behalf of political prisoners before the officer charged with investigating such cases. He has been generally useful to Aguinaldo as a delegate and negotiator with Americans.

"Lieut.-Gen. Emiliano Riego De Dios, the military governor of Cavite,

is said to be an honest man, but with little education.

"Major-General Ricati, in command of operations along the southern zone of trenches, appears and is said to be a well-meaning, honest man, with a fair education.

"Maj. Gen. Pantelon Garcia, in command of operations along the northern zone, is not educated very well, but is an able, honest, polite, and agreeable man, who has been a schoolmaster of the primary grade.

"Brig. Gen. Pio Del Pilar, a vicious, uneducated ignoramus and highway

robber.

"General Estrella, commanding the military forces in Cavite, has the credit of being an honest man with little education.

"Brigadier-General Mascardo, fairly educated and honest, but possesses

little ability.

"Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar is young, well educated, and honest, but with little experience. He belongs to a wealthy family of Nueva Ecija.

"General Noriel, an honest, fairly educated, well-meaning, reasonable, and agreeable fellow, who has done good service and gained the reputation of a good soldier.

"Colonel Montenegro, a very conciliatory fellow to meet. Young, small, and well educated. Speaks French, English, and Spanish, the latter fluently; the others very well. He is a considerable of a 'talk a heap.' Is ‘kinder' honest and was a clerk in Lalla's hotel, where he received his lessons in honesty.

"There are other leaders of lesser grade whom it is hardly necessary to mention here. Aguinaldo has many adjutants, most of whom are young,

smart, and well educated. In fact, nearly all of the adjutants of all the generals belong to the jeunesse dorée Filipino, in whom insurrectionary ideas seem to breed spontaneously. They are all bright, ambitious, active, and well educated. Among them is one Captain Arevela, Noriel's adjutant, who is a dentist, having learned his profession from an American, who also taught him very good English. He has always possessed great partiality for Americans."

NOTE.-It appears, however, that Maximo Gomez, the old soldier of fortune, has in the schools of misfortune been taught the lessons of sorrow, and when throwing off his reserve after the war was over he knew the light of reason when he saw it, and was not disposed to join in playing a bunco game upon the people of the United States. He may yet exploit his ambition to found a confederacy of the West Indies, but he has shown great dignity and commands respect by his qualities of statesmanship.

The Official Terms in Which the Spaniards Sued for Peace and Accepted the Demands of the Peace Protocol of August 12-"The Demand Strips Us of the Very Last Memory of a Glorious Past"-The Treaty Commissioners that Met in Paris--Official Text of the Treaty of Peace of December 10-The Spaniards Contend that the Philippine Insurgents Constantly Change the Status Quo and that Americans Must Stop ThemContention that the Transfer of Sovereignty Meant Transfer of Debts-Protracted Debate over the Cuban Obligations-Claim the Capture of Manila was not LawfulInsinuation that Generai Merritt had Heard of the Protocol Before Storming the Town-Spaniards Able and Adroit-Americans Firm but Courteous-The Official History of the Preparation of the Peace Protocol-The Part Taken by the President -His Strong Hand Felt in Paris.

The government of Spain, on July 22, 1898, submitted through the Ambassador of France a message to the President, saying Spain wished to show again that in this war, as well as in the one she carried on against the Cuban insurgents, she had but one object, "the vindication of her prestige, her honor, and her name." She had desired to "spare the great island from the dangers of premature independence," and her sentiments were rather inspired by ties of blood than by her interests. "Spain," the message continued, "is prepared to spare Cuba from the continuation of the horrors of war if the United States is likewise disposed." This paper was signed by the Spanish Minister of State, the Duke of Almodovar del Rio. In reply Secretary Day wrote, July 30th:

"The President witnessed with profound disappointment the frustration of his peaceful efforts by events which forced upon the people of the United States the unalterable conviction that nothing short of the relinquishment by Spain of a claim of sovereignty over Cuba which she was unable to enforce would relieve a situation that had become unendurable.

"For years the government of the United States, out of regard for the susceptibilities of Spain, had by the exercise of its power and the expenditure of its treasure preserved the obligations of neutrality. But a point was at length reached at which, as Spain had often been forewarned, this attitude