in height (4 feet 4 inches). A slab lying on the ground near by, and with one end broken off, is 1.58 m. (5 feet 3 inches) long. Both stones show marks of having been rudely dressed with stone implements, but there are no traces of ornamental carvings. A number of smaller slabs and blocks also lie scattered about. "There is no pueblo ruin, at least to my knowledge, in the immediate vicinity of the Potrero de los Idolos, and I was repeatedly told that the Potrero Largo had no traces of antiquities on its summit. But the ancient Queres pueblo of Kua-pa lies a little over one mile to the southwest, in the valley or cañada, and my Indian informants asserted that the inhabitants of Kua-pa had made the sculptures." No. 26. Kuapa.-"The ruins of Kua-pa lie about a mile and a half lower down the valley than the present Mexican settlement, midway between the Potrero Viejo and the Potrero de los Idolos. They occupy a low bluff between the stream on the north and a dry gulch on the south, and are very much decayed, many of the mounds being barely distinguishable. I am positive of the existence of five circular estufas, but there may be at least two more. "The ruins of Kua-pa look much more ancient than any of those on the potreros; but this is due to the material of which they were built. In place of blocks of tufa, loose rubble and adobe formed the bulk of its walls. Adobe disintegrates rapidly, and rubble forms heaps of disorderly rubbish." No. 27. Kotyiti.-"The Potrero Viejo is a natural fortress, almost as difficult to storm as the well known cliff of Acoma. In case of necessity, a small tribe could dwell on its top for years without ever being obliged to descend into the valley beneath; for it is wooded and has a limited area of tillable soil, and natural tanks. Only from the rear or southwest is the ascent over a gradual slope; from the front and the north the trails climb over rocks and rocky débris in full view of the parapets, natural and artificial, that line the brink of the mesa. "Two classes of ruins occupy the summit, one of which is the comparatively recent pueblo. It is two stories high in some places, very well preserved, and built of fairly regular parallelopipeds of tufa. The woodwork in it was eventually destroyed by fire, and much charred corn is found in the ruins. The average size of 118 rooms on the ground floor, which are all in the pueblo with the exception of about ten, is 5.0 by 2.8 m. (16 feet 5 inches by 9 feet 2 inches). This is a large area in comparison with the size of older ruins. I noticed but one estufa, and the pottery bears a recent character. "There are also traces of older ruins, which mark the existence of small houses. . "The oldest ruins on the mesa, which hardly attract any attention, are those of a prehistoric Queres pueblo; the strikingly well preserved ones are those of a village built after the year 1683, and abandoned in April, 1694." II. RUINS OF THE CHAMA DRAINAGE The Rio Chama enters the Rio Grande near the Mexican village of Chamita, about a mile west of the Indian village of San Juan. It forms the main watershed for all that portion of northern New Mexico which lies between the Rio Grande and the continental divide. In this bulletin it is necessary to deal with only the lowest 100 miles of its course—that is, the portion which traverses the Jemez plateau. Strictly speaking, the Rio Chama has no valley on the south side. From its mouth to above Abiquiu it is closely bordered on the south by the great rim of the volcanic plateau which rises abruptly to a height of from 200 to 1,000 feet, while on the north there is an open arid valley broken up by small isolated mesas in the form of truncated cones. Above Abiquiu the river flows for many miles through a picturesque gorge. The country on both sides is rough and broken, that above the mouth of the Gallinas being in the nature of "bad lands". (Pl. xi, a, b.) 330 FEET 225 FEET ༡m!}༡།་་༡།།། 420 FEET The entire area is rich in archeological remains. Above Abiquiu are both cliff-dwelling and pueblo ruins, stone being the only building material used. From Abiquiu down, pueblos only are found. These were quite numerous, in most cases of great extent and all built of adobe with rubble used in the foundations. With the exception of those at Abiquiu and Chamita, all these are prehistoric. In describing the antiquities of this watershed, it will be convenient to consider first, the plateau ruins on the south side of the Chama between the Rio Grande and Pedernal peak; second, the valley ruins north of the river up to Abiquiu; third, the ruins above Abiquiu. FIG. 16.-Ground plan of Poihuuinge. A succession of large pueblos occupied commanding sites on the northern rim of the plateau overlooking the Chama. These will be described in the order of their occurrence ascending the river. No. 28. Poihuuinge (fig. 16).—About four miles above the confluence of the Chama with the Rio Grande is the noble cottonwood grove whose grateful shade has been the noon or evening goal of every traveler that has toiled up or down that sandy valley for a century. At this point a chain of detached fragments of the great Black mesa (Mesa Canoa) crosses over to the south side of the river and extends for some miles southwestward. On the top of one of these black 8806-No. 32-06-3 fragmentary mesas about a mile south of the river stood the village of Poihuuinge. Its ruins are probably 500 feet above the level of the river. The pueblo was of adobe, with large irregular blocks of basalt in the foundation. It consisted of three buildings so placed as to form an irregular quadrangle, the south side being open. The extreme length of the longest side is 421 feet. There are two circular, subterranean kivas within the court. About 100 yards south of the pueblo is the ruin of a large circular kiva, 50 feet in diameter, which was in part subterranean and in part constructed of irregular blocks of basalt, conglomerate, and sandstone carried above ground to a height of probably eight or ten feet. About 200 yards east are the ruins of a building similarly constructed, which bears some evidence of having been used for a shrine. In this structure large blocks or slabs of stone set on edge were used in the walls and the general form is that of 75 YDS. 30 YDS FIG. 17.-Ground plan of Teëuinge. shrines still in use among the Tewa. It is 35 feet in diameter, considerably larger than any of the shrines now in use. The pottery of this ruin is strikingly similar to that found in the ruins farther south. While there is every evidence of the use of corn at this pueblo, there has been no possibility of agriculture in the immediate vicinity. The nearest land that might have been arable is about a mile away. No. 29. Teëuinge (fig. 17).— This is a large ruin situated on the rim of the mesa overlooking the valley, just below the confluence of the Rio Oso with the Chama. It is about a quarter of a mile south of the river, and the bluff on which it stands is about 200 feet high. The pueblo was constructed of adobe with some use of lava blocks in the foundation walls, and is now reduced to low mounds. It was built in two large adjoining quadrangles, or would perhaps be better described as one long rectangle divided by cross walls into two courts. The extreme length of the rectangle is 525 feet, the extreme width 210 feet. The walls have a perimeter of 1,470 feet. Within and contiguous to the pueblo are ten circular, subterranean kivas and a few yards to the east is a ruined shrine in circular form, eight feet in diameter, built of lava blocks set on edge. No. 30. Kwengyauinge (“blue turquoise house"), figure 18.—This is a large pueblo ruin on a conical hill about 150 feet high overlooking a the Chama river at a point known as "La Puenta," about 3 miles below Abiquiu. It was visited by Yarrow in 1874 and briefly described by him. Some valuable observations are made in his report, though the present writer finds it impossible to agree with some of the most important of them. It should be remembered that the latter's studies at the site occurred thirty-one years later when the ruin was in a much more advanced stage of decay, and the probabilities of inaccuracy were consequently much greater than in Doctor Yarrow's time. However, this could not possibly account for the great difference in dimensions that will be noted on comparing the two plans of the ruins. The site was visited and described by Bandelier also in 1880. This pueblo covered a larger area than any other in the immediate vicinity of the Chama, with the exception of site no. 32. In the opinion of the author it was an adobe structure with about the same amount of rubble in the foundations that the modern Tewa use in the construction of their houses. Yarrow and Bandelier represent this pueblo as exceeding a single story in height; Yarrow suggests two, stories. The amount of 148 YDS. 115 YDS. ་་ ་་་་་་་ 80 YDS. 118 YDS ་་་་་་་་་ 133 YDS. 75 YDS. 74 YOS 140 YDS. 162 YDS. FIG. 18.-Ground plan of Kwengyauinge. débris does not seem to justify these conclusions with which the writer of this paper can not agree. The mound is very low and the pueblo was not built of material that would be carried away by subsequent settlers, as was often done where stone was used. Moreover, the method of using adobe was the primitive one of increasing the height of wall by the addition of successive layers of mud held in place by a box-like support of wattle work, two upright parallel surfaces set and fastened just far enough apart to give the required thickness of wall. Adobe work of this kind was not sufficiently stable for walls more than one story high unless made of greater thickness than in the case of any of the adobe pueblos of this region. In addition to the small amount of débris the great length of the various sections of this village would indicate that the builders had not mastered their material to a sufficient extent to enable them to erect a many-storied building, as they I could do with stone, or even with adobe after learning the art of making the latter into bricks. An interesting constructive feature a Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, p. 1064. 1884. Papers of Archæological Institute of America, American series, part II, p. 56, Cambridge, Mass., of this pueblo is the one heavy interior wall, forming a central axis extending through the entire length of the structure, all parallel walls, including the exterior, and all cross walls being much lighter and in every way inferior. Whether there was communication between apartments on opposite sides of this wall is as yet problematical. Future excavations may decide that question. No. 31. Abechiu (Tewa, "the screech of the owl''), figure 19.—This was an adobe pueblo situated on the lower mesa some three hundred feet above the Chama. It is just south of the present Mexican town of Abiquiu. The site is variously known to the Tewa Indians as Abechiu, Josege, and Muké. This may be owing to the fact that there have been several distinct occupations of this village. Its history has been written by Bandelier. " The ruin is now reduced to low mounds which have been dug over considerably in a desultory way. No. 32. On the top of the second mesa south of the Chama at FIG. 19.-Ground plan of Abechiu. Abiquiu are ruins of an exceptional character. This is a crescent-shaped mesa about one-half mile wide by 1 miles long. The top is level and sparsely covered with short buffalo grass and a few scrubby pines and piñons. Its general trend is from southwest to northeast. Beginning at about the center of the mesa and extending toward the northwest are vestiges of ruins of very great extent. Only sufficient material remains on the ground to indicate the outlines of the buildings. This material consists of cobblestones and small lava blocks, evidently the foundations of very ancient walls. The rooms outlined vary from 8 to 10 feet wide by from 15 to 20 feet long, the average being about 9 by 18. In some places these rooms are plainly outlined by the protruding foundation stones, in others barely distinguishable, and in still other places fading out entirely. They follow the trend of the mesa for over 900 yards. One may count the outlines of rooms to the number of many hundreds. The author ventures the opinion that not fewer than 2,000 are plainly outlined. No. 33. Chipiinuinge (Tewa, "house at the pointed peak'), figure 20. A great ruined pueblo and cliff-village occupying a small detached mesa between the Canyones and Polvadera creek, 4 miles south of Rio Chama and about 14 miles southwest of Abiquiu. The site was a Papers of the Archæological Institute of America, American series, part II, p. 54, Cambridge, Mass., 1884. |