BOOK REVIEWS

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has just issued a volume dealing with the Neutrality Laws of the United States, by Dr. Charles G. Fenwick of the Endowment's division of International Law. The volume is one of great practical utility. In its four chapters it deals comprehensively with the character of Neutrality Laws in general, with the history of such laws in the United States, with their authoritative interpretation and deficiencies. The scope of treatment is thus wide and most satisfactory, although, it is to be wished that the author might have brought it within his purpose to include some such summary of the subject in its general aspects as is contained in Liszt's "Völkerrecht." To the formal treatment of the subject, Dr. Fenwick has added a proposed draft of an amended act designed to bring the Statute of 1818 more in harmony with presentday views of the subject. This draft is most carefully prepared, and with slight corrections might well be enacted into law as it stands. In an appendix of thirty pages, Dr. Fenwick has added the text of notable proclamations and statutes, beginning with Hamilton's "Instructions to the Collectors of the Customs of the United States." The entire work will meet a want long felt, both by those who teach International Law and those who are interested for other reasons in its study or practical application.

-G. E. S.

Criminology. By Baron Raffaele Garofalo, Procurator General at the Court of Appeals of Venice, and Senator of the Kingdom of Italy. Translated from the First Italian and Fifth French edition, by Robert W. Miller, Lecturer in Northwestern University Law School. With an Introduction by Hon. E. Ray Stevens, Judge of the Circuit Court, Madison, Wis. Little, Brown and Company. Boston, 1914. pp. 478.

This is the seventh of the Modern Criminal Science Series translated pursuant to a resolution passed in 1909 by the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology.

This treatise is divided into four parts. Part one deals with crime. The element of immorality requisite before a harmful act can be regarded criminal by public opinion is the injury to so much of the moral sense as is represented by one of the altruistic

sentiments of pity or probity. The acts with which punitive justice has to deal are of two kinds: (1) those which bear the imprints of intrinsic immorality, and (2) those intrinsically free from immorality, but assuming an immoral character because involving a breach of duty. In order to understand crime thoroughly there is need of a direct study of the criminal.

Part two deals with the criminal. From an anthropologic standpoint there are three types of criminals, (1) the murderer, (2) the violent criminal, (3) the thief. From a psychical standpoint the criminal anomoly of the most extreme type exhibits no nosologic symptoms, unless it is the absence of the moral sense.

As civilization advances the influences of education, of religion, and of better economic conditions, are factors in diminishing crime. But taken singly it cannot be said that any of these influences produces an appreciable effect. At most they operate indirectly. Punishment is a direct means of prevention of crime. The fact that punishment has often had no preventive effect in the past is because there has not been a thorough study of the criminal.

Part three deals with the repression of crime. Here a knowledge of the criminal is by all means essential. Death is the surest means of intimidation. But such punishment should be applied only when the subject is forever incapable of social life. With respect to offenders who commit acts only under the influence of environment internment in a penal colony beyond the seas is the appropriate form of punishment. Then there are those cases where elimination need not go beyond the expulsion of the offender from his particular social situation. As we descend the scale of criminality we come to a class where reparation in damages is adequate punishment.

Part four outlines an international penal code.

The author takes a sane view of criminology. To deal with crime the criminal must be understood. Though the treatise is not a legal one, yet it is recommended to the student of the law in that it makes apparent many defects in our present methods of dealing with crime. The student of sociology will find it of exceptional value.

SCHOOL AND ALUMNI NOTES

The Chi Tau Kappa Society, of the Law School, to which only those are eligible who have been awarded honors at the end of each year, recently announced the following elections: Herschel Whitfield Arant of Opelika, Ala.; Benton Baker of Bismarck, N. D.; John Francis Collins of Wallingford, Conn.; Howard Wheeler Curtis of Stratford, Conn.; William Walter Meyer of Ada, Ohio; Frederick Merliss of New Haven, Conn.; Hiram Steelman of Hartford, Conn.; Peter Trenchi of New Haven, Conn.; George Freeman Turner of New Haven, Conn.

'79-Professor John K. Beach has been elected first vice-president of the Graduates Club of New Haven, Conn.

Henry Charles White, '81 L., died, from intestinal trouble, following a protracted period of ill health, in New Haven, Conn., on February 7. He was born in Utica, N. Y., on September 1, 1856, the son of Thomas Broughton and Catherine Lydia (Stewart) White. He entered the Yale Law School, from which he received the degree of LL.B. in 1883, and that of M.L. in 1884. He then began the practice of law in New Haven, where he continued until his death. For a number of years he was a member of the State Bar Examining Committee, and of the executive committee of the State Bar Association. From 1886 to 1893 he was a lecturer in political science at Yale. On May 5, 1903, he was married in New York City, to Lucy Sophia, daughter of Gustav and Catherine Elizabeth (von Post) Schwab, who survives him.

'84 William S. Pardee was re-elected president of the Yale Alumni Association of New Haven at the meeting held on February 16.

'87-Leonard M. Daggett is a member of the committee on admissions of the Graduates Club of New Haven, Conn.

'89-At the meeting of the Yale Alumni Association of Washington, D. C., held on January 17, James H. Hayden was re-elected president. '91-The death of Susumu Uchida on August 19, 1912, has not previously been reported in these columns.

'91-Porter B. Godard is on the law staff of the Board of Education of Kansas City, Mo., and has been very active in the board's endeavors to remove saloons from the neighborhood of the city schools.

'91-George E. Hill has been elected president of the Yale Association of Class Secretaries.

'92-Morgan John Flaherty died, from pneumonia, in Detroit, Mich., on February 7.

'96 Walter P. Judson has moved his offices to 185 Church Street, New Haven, Conn,

'96-Edmund H. McVey is chairman of the committee for drawing up the platform of the Nonpartisan Commission Government League of Kansas City, Mo. He may be addressed at 306 Keith and Perry Building, that city.

'96-Joseph C. Sweeney has assumed the position of general attorney for the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company, with headquarters in New Haven, and offices in New York, Boston, and Providence.

'97-At the meeting of the Kentucky Yale Alumni Association held on January 15, Richard C. Stoll was elected a vice-president.

'97-Benjamin I. Spock, who has been attorney for Connecticut for the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company since January 1, 1909, has been made counsel for that state.

'01 Charles L. Burnham has changed his residence from 47 East Fifty-seventh Street, New York City, to 471 Pequot Avenue, New London, Conn.

02 M.L.-Michael B. Hurley, '02 M.L., lately engaged in corporation, irrigation, and mining practice in Colorado and Martin J. Hurley, '07 M.L., lately of the general claim department of the Great Northern Railway Company, have formed a co-partnership under the firm name of Hurley & Hurley, and have opened law offices in the Security Bank Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

Horace J. Fenton, '99 and '04 L., who is now an instructor at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., has published an introductory Treatise on Constitutional Law," which is "designed for use at the Naval Academy and in other schools where the principles of the Constitution are studied."

'04 Henry Cotheal Andrews died, after a long illness, at Fishkill, N. Y., on January 16. The son of James Watson and Laura Hoppock (Cotheal) Andrews, he was born on June 5, 1877, in Fishkill, N. Y. He was given the degree of M.A. in 1901, and then entered the Yale Law School, from which he was graduated in 1904. After a short time in New York City, he started the general practice of law in Jacksonville. He was married in Albany, Ga., on July 9, 1907, to Caroline W. Consart, daughter of John Consart of that place. They had three daughters, all of whom, with Mrs. Andrews, survive him.

'03-George Woodruff, president of the First National Bank of Joliet, Ill., delivered an address on "Collecting Checks Under the Currency Law," before the Western Economic Society, at Chicago, on March 13.

'05-The marriage of Ethel Helen, daughter of Mrs. Frederick Nicklas of New York City, and Julius French Miller took place in St. Agnes' Chapel, New York City, on February 4.

'08-Leonard W. Baker's permanent address is South Lincoln, Mass.

'08 The present address of Cramer C. Hegeman is 155 Washington Street, South Norwalk, Conn.

'09-Jesse F. Anderson, who is connected with the city counselor's office in Kansas City, Mo., may be addressed at 3222 Washington Street.

'09-Alfred W. Andrews is now associated with Mr. Floyd K. Diefendorf in the general practice of law, with offices at 411 Park Row, New York City. His home address is 144 Montague Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

'10 George G. Mead has been appointed assistant attorney for the city of Scranton, Pa.

'10-John W. Mason, Jr., is associated with his father in the practice of law at 504 Jacobs Building, Fairmont, W. Va.

'11-Frank C. Wilkinson has been indorsed as a Democratic candidate for the state legislature from the Kansas City district. His present address is 912 Commerce Building, Kansas City, Mo.

'11-The marriage of Nellie A. Lyons of Norwich, Conn., and Eugene F. Farley took place in St. Patrick's Church, Norwich, on January 31. They will make their home in New Haven, Conn., where Farley is engaged in the practice of law at 865 Chapel Street.

'11-Fred M. Lyon may be now addressed at 1019 Grand Avenue. Kansas City, Mo.