-Lunatics in Ireland-Influence of Muscular Labour on Page 209-224 SECT. I. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 1. Mr Combe on the Application of Phrenology to the Fine Arté 2. Mr Hytche on the Imperfections of Phrenological Casts, . 246 1. Guy's Principles of Forensic Medicine, Part II., 2. Dr Castle's Phrenological Analysis of the Character of Kerner, 3. Sweetser's Mental Hygiene, Edinburgh edition, 4. Reports of Mr Simpson's Lectures to the Working Classes of Dr Gall (with a Plate)-Lectures on Phrenology—Phreno-Mes- merism Contemporary Journals-London Phrenological So- ciety-Phrenology and Emigration-The Phrenological Asso- ciation; Mr Prideaux's Paper on Phreno-Mesmerism―The late Dr Barlow of Bath-Phrenology in Germany-Montreal Phrenological Society-London Ethnological Society-Prizes for Essays on Insanity-People's College at Nottingham- Pauper Lunatics in Scotland-Characters of the Egyptian and Negro Races-Tendency to Insanity at Childbirth-Power of the Voice over Children-Insanity in the United States-Ten- dency to Suicide-Effects of Mental Emotions on the Body- Causes and Cure of Cretinism-Contention with Difficulties 1. Mr Donovan on the reputed Head of Oliver Cromwell, 2. Phreno-mesmeric Cases, with Remarks. By Professor Gregory, 379 3. Case of Wm. Saville, executed at Nottingham for murder, 2. Essays on Partial Derangement of the Mind in supposed con- nexion with Religion. By John Cheyne, M.D., Majorca Phrenological Society--Norway-The Phrenological As- sociation-Lectures on Phrenology-Dr Conolly's Lectures on Insanity at Hanwell-Dr Davey's Appointment in Cey- lon-Bethlem Hospital-Prizes offered by the Society for Improving the Condition of the Insane-Flat-heads of North America-The Athenæum on Phrenology and Mesmerism- Idiot, 117-Cingalese, 120-Gottfried, 120-Negro, Sandwich Islander, and Swiss, 121-Hare and Melancthon, 122-Brain, Spinal Marrow, and Nerves, 125-Distorted Peruvian Skull, 342-Reputed Head of Oliver Cromwell, 371-Bust of Cromwell, 372-Saville, a murderer, Insert Dr Gall's portrait opposite page 305. THE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. No. LXXVIII. JANUARY, 1844. NEW SERIES.-No. XXV. I. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. I. On School-Flogging, considered in reference to its Effect on Boys of different Temperaments. By Mr E. J. HYTCHE. It is THE prevalent ignorance of the constitution of man cannot be more strikingly illustrated than by a reference to the methods adopted for the development of the mental faculties. The effects of this ignorance are not limited to any period of life; for, in tracing our own histories, we perceive that at every era we have been subject to external influences which were calculated to retard rather than accelerate the growth of mind. But at no period have these mal-influences been more powerful than during the time allotted to school-training; for then we were the passive victims of the unskilfulness of professed educationists-unskilful, because necessarily devoid of that knowledge which is the pre-requisite of success. to the ignorance of schoolmasters that we must ascribe the use which has been so universally made by them of flogging. For had these hard-working men been aware that it is as natural for a well-developed organ to act without compulsion, as it is for the well-strung sinew to delight in displaying its vigour, they could not have imagined that the fear of disgrace or pain would incite, when the most powerful of all motives the pleasure of exercise-was found unavailing. Moreover, had teachers appealed to facts, they would have perceived that, as there are idiosyncrasies in the powers of assimilation and digestion, so there are natural differences in mental power, varying from the capacity of an idiot to the grasp of a Franklin. And the same reason which precludes the punishment of those who possess naturally weak digestive organsnamely, that the inability was not self-caused--would have prevented the chastisement of those who, like Mr Combe, VOL. XVII.-N. S. NO. XXV.-JAN. 1844. A possessed feeble calculating power, or, like Gall, were ill-fitted to appreciate outline. Mrs Maclean, then, uttered a philosophic axiom, when, referring to the principles, or no-principles, displayed in mental culture, she said "How much they suffer from our faults, How much from our mistakes; How often, too, mistaken zeal A pupil's misery makes!" The disuse of flogging appears to be a necessary deduction from Phrenology: and this inference becomes strengthened when the question is considered in relation to those temperamental constitutions which are traceable in every school. If we examine a school, the first feature observed is the marked differences in temperament. Nor is this a worthless feature; for according to the kind of temperament is the development of a specific class of organs.* I shall therefore discuss the effect of punishment on each kind of temperament, first dividing my subjects into three classes, namely, the sanguine, the lymphatic, and the nervo-bilious. The most prevalent temperament in schools is the sanguineous, predominating, as it does, in 70 out of every 100 boys. In connection with this temperament, there is found a great tendency to physical exercises, accompanied with quickness in performing feats of muscular dexterity. In the school, vacuity or wandering of mind is displayed; the thoughts cannot be fixed on study; and, whilst the body is restless, the intellect appears lazy and dormant. Study is sometimes commenced with vigour, and a determination to succeed; but the fixity of intellect cannot be long retained, and the body solicits, if not demands, that action which is a part of its food. Transfer the boy to the play-ground, and all his faculties become alive; ceasing to be the dunce, he is the recognised dux, and affords sure evidence that the power to do, and the will to do, are rarely separate. One fact, however, is observable-that amidst this ultra-activity, the exercise to which he is prone is that which necessitates muscular action; and that for direct mental employment he exhibits similar disinclination to that which he displayed in school. The truth is, the sanguine temperament does impart an irrepressible proneness to physical exercises; and I have never yet met a person in whom it predominated, who, whatever his intellect, could study, unless he had first partially tired his physical system by active exercise. As regards intellectual development, boys in whom this temperament prevails rarely possess much size of the reflect This broad statement we think insufficiently warranted by facts.-EDITOR. ing group, but the organs of perception are usually large. Hence it is that the majority of school-boys are fonder of facts than of metaphysical subtleties, and exhibit a deeper acquaintance with external nature than with books. The organs of Alimentiveness, Approbativeness, and Combativeness, are usually found large in boys of the sanguine temperament; for the very pursuits to which they are inclined, by administering to, are calculated to increase the power, of these organs. Adhesiveness is also generally found well developed. These organs indicate the existence of an energy which makes them too earnest to do things by halves, and hence they perform every thing or refrain altogether. Now, when a lad with these characteristics is chastised, it is rarely for want of activity, or because he is obstinate or self-willed; but usually because, disregarding the lesson assigned, he evinces that he would rather be engaged in bird-nesting than in conning the brain-confusing rules of Lindley Murray. The fact then is, disguise it as we may, that the sanguineous are chastised for obeying natural and healthy impulses, and that which is an innate excellence, fitting them, as it does, to cope with natural obstacles, is deemed a species of crime; and thus the judgment of Roger Ascham was not the decision of prejudice"The wisest of your great beaters do as oft punish nature as they do correct faults, yea, many times the better nature is sorer punished." And what is the result? Lads with the organization predicated, perceive that an attempt is being made to destroy their individuality, and conform them to some ideal model, with which, from its contrariety to their taste, they have no sympathy. Combativeness awakens to resist the aggression, and becomes a prominent feature from its continuous action, until, in the sequel, the animal organs, ever difficult to govern, are rendered unduly active, if not rampant. Thus, then, as regards the sanguine temperament, it is shewn that to prescribe flogging is like attempting to drive out of the system one disease by introducing the virus of another, whereby the first is not only left untouched, but we find two diseases rioting in the system instead of one only. Such is the quackery of education, of all quackeries the worst, because irremediable. And the result which is predicable of the sanguineous is illustrated by the second class-that is, the lymphatic. The per-centage of this temperament is about 20. In this case, there is both physical lethargy and mental apathy, and this dead level is rarely altered by those occasional excitements to which other lads are subject. During school hours, if not asleep, they are drowsy; if spoken to, they in vain attempt to |