AYE, Suffolk, 92 miles from London. Market on Saturday, Fair on Whitfun-Monday. Carrier, Four-Swans, Bishopfgateftreet, Wednesday and Saturday. Bull ditto, Wednesday and Saturday, B B. ADDOW, Effex. Carrier, Black-Bull, Whitechappel, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. BAGSHOT, Surry, twenty-nine miles from London, most famous for mutton. Carrier, Peacock, Claremarket, Saturday. BAGG. A term used in commerce, to fignify different quantities of certain commodities. A bag of almonds is about 300 pound weight of annifeed, from 3 to 400 th of pepper from i, to 300 th of goats hair, from 2 to 400 th of cotton yarn, from 2 to 400 and 4. : : BAIL is derived from the French word Bailler, to deliver a thing to another, the party bailed being delivered into the custody of the perfons that bail him, who are refponfible to the plaintiff, if they do not produce the principal. If the principal abfcond, his bail may apprehend him wherever he is; and furrender him in discharge of themselves. Bail is either special, or common: if the action require fpecial bail, the fheriff, or his officer take a bond, with fureties for the appearance of the defendant, at the return of the writ: if only common bail is required, an attorney backs the fheriff's warrant for the defendant; declaring he will caufe common bail to be filed at the return of the writ, which he is obliged to do within eight days after the return, under a penalty of five-pounds. Where fpecial bail is required, the defendant muft put in other bail before a judge, or commiffioners, within four days after the return; and fuch bail engage to fatisfy the condemnation and costs, or to render the defendant to prifon; where the defendant fwears he does not owe the plaintiff ten pounds he may be discharged upon a motion, unless the plaintiff fhew caufe to the contrary. But in inferior courts, the defendant may be held to bail, for any fum, exceeding forty-fhillings. The plaintiff may except against the bail as infufficient, within twenty days, and then the defendant muft either put in better bail, or the bail muft justify themselves in open court, or before the commiffioners. No bail is required where a bail bond is fued. If the principal die before a Ca Sa, or execution awarded, the bail is discharged; one charged in execution is not bailable; an action lies against the fheriff if the officer refuse fufficient bail; one escaping from his bail may be taken up by the principal on a Sunday, and furrendered to prifon next day: The bail in an inferior court fhall be accepted in a fuperior court, where the action is removed. In criminal cafes cafes, the juftices of the peace may Bail any perfons that are bailable; as perfons apprehended on fufpicion of felony, or for manflaughter; but not for murder, nor in any cafe where Bail is excluded by particular ftatutes. The Judges have a discretionary power of admitting to Bail, where a perfon is charged with hightreafon; but they cannot Bail a perfon committed by either house of Parliament during the feffion. The King's Bench take four fureties when a perfon is admitted to Bail on a Habeas Corpus: a juftice of peace who refufes to Bail one that is bailable liable to an action, BAILIFF and SHERIFF were formerly terms import, and the county of which any gentleman is Sherif, s BAKEWELL, Derbyshire, 144 miles from London. Market on Thursday and Friday. BAKER. The Baker is limitted in his profits by law, being obliged to make his bread of fuch an affize as the magiftrate directs; but tho' his gains as a baker are not very great, and he may not require above 100l. to fet up, yet as moft of the Bakers in London are meal-men, buy their own grain and grind it, many of them deal very largely. They take from 5 to 20 1. with an apprentice, who ought to be a good sturdy lad, as they carry out great quantities of bread, and are obliged to fit up good part of the night to attend the oven. A journeyman has his board, and 5 or 6 s. a week. This company have a livery, and their hall is in Harp-Lane, Thames-ftreet. They were incorporated by Edward the IId, in the year 1307. They are governed by a mafter, four wardens, and thirty affiftants. There are 195 livery-men, whofe fine is 101. If a Baker or Brewer be convicted that he hath not observed the affize of bread, or ale refpectively, the firft, fecond, and third time he fhall be amerced according to his offence, if it be not over grievous; but if the offence be grievous and often, and he will not be corrected, he shall fuffer punishment of the body, viz. à Baker to the pillory, and Brewer to the tumbrel, or fome ether correction. The The lord mayor and aldermen of London, and the mayor, bailiffs, aldermen, or other chief magiftrates of corporate towns, or two or more juftices of peace, in fuch towns and places where there fhall be no fuch mayors, or chief magiftrates, fhall from time to time in their refpective limits ascertain the affize and weight of all bread, to be fold, or exposed to fale, by any Baker or other perfon, having refpect to the price of grain at the fame time fuch affize fhall be fet. No perfon fhall expose to fale, any other forts of bread than are hereafter mentioned, viz. white, wheaten and houshold, and fuch other forts as fhall be publickly licensed by the magiftrates aforefaid, in their refpective limits; and the affize and weight of the faid white wheaten and houshold bread made of wheat, shall be fet and afcertained according to the following table, viz. Every person who fhall make, or bake for fale, or expofe to fale any fort of bread, fhall caufe every loaf to be marked with the fort, price and weight thereof, or any other mark as shall be appointed by the respective magiftrates aforefaid, within their feveral limits, who are impowered to appoint a mark, fignifying the price, weight and fort; and to make other rules for the regulating the mystery of baking bread,, and the forts, affize, price and weight thereof, and all things concerning the fame. And every person who fhall not obferve the affize afcertained by virtue of this act, or expofe to fale any bread wanting the due weight, or not marked, as aforefaid; or fhall break fuch regulations and orders, as fhall be made by virtue of this act, being convicted by his own confeffion, or the oath of one witness, before any mayor, alderman, head officer, or juftice of peace aforefaid, where the offence fhall be committed, or the offender apprehended, fhall forfeit forty-fhillings for every offence, to be levied by diftress and fale, by warrant from any of the faid magiftrates, before whom fuch conviction shall be made; the forfeiture to be given to the informer: Such convictions fhall be certified to the next quarter feffions, there to remain on record. No perfon fhall be convicted unless the profecution be commenced within three days after the offence. Provided that any perfon thinking himfelf agrieved, may appeal to the next quarter feffions where the fame fhall be finally determined; and if the appellant fhall not make good his appeal, or profecute it with effect, the feffions fhall award fuch costs as they think fit to the informer, and commit the appellant to the common gaol till he fhall pay the cofts, and alfo the penalty adjudged on the conviction; but in cafe the appellant make good his appeal, the informer fhall pay him cofts. Provided that if any baker fhall put a mixture of any other grain in his bread than fhall be appointed by the affize, he shall forfeit twenty-fhillings, to be recovered as aforefaid: And if any magiftrate neglect his duty in the execution of this act, he fhail forfeit twenty-fhillings, to be recovered in the courts at Weftminfter And any chief magiftrate, alderman, or justice of the peace in in their respective limits may, in the day time, enter the house, fhop, ftall or out-houfe of any Baker, and weigh and try the bread there, and if it be defective in goodnefs, weight or baking, or not duly marked, the magiftrate may cause the fame to be forthwith diftributed among the poor, where the feizure is made. And every Baker refifting, or oppofing fuch fearch fhall forfeit forty fhillings to the informer, to be recovered in the fummary way before-mention'd. Provided that this act fhall not prejudice the city of London, or the lords of Leets: But they may fet and punish the breach of affize of bread in their leets, or of the clerks of the market. Provided that no person punished by this act fhall be punished by any other law. Provided that this act shall not prejudice the antient rights and cuftoms of the universities, as to the afcertaining the affize of bread, &c. within their jurisdictions. The faid act of 8 Annæ, cap. 18. is continued and enacted, that the claufe 8 Annæ, cap. 18. giving a penalty of forty fhillings for bread not being weight, or not marked, (and upon no other account) fhall be repealed. And if any Baker make bread deficient in weight, to the amount of one ounce, or more, he fhall forfeit five fhillings for every ounce fo wanting; and if it want any weight lefs than an ounce, two-fhillings and fix-pence, being weighed before a magiftrate, or any one appointed by him, in twenty-four hours, if within the bills of mortality, and in any other part of England, within three days; the faid forfeitures to go to the informer, and be recovered as the penalty of forty fhillings by the faid act of Anne was to be recovered. Every Baker may make, peck, half-peck, quartern and halfquartern loaves, fo as the fame be made and fold both as to the weight and price, in proportion to the affize table, in the said former act. Every time the affize of bread shall be altered according to the powers given by 8 Annæ, cap. 18. The price of grain, meal and flower in the adjacent markets, where fuch affize fhall be fet, fhall be certified upon oath, before the lord mayor, chief magiftrates, or justices respectively, by the clerks of markets, or fuch other perfons as the faid magiftrates fhall appoint: And the affize within the bills of mortality (the city and liberties of Westminster, the Borough of Southwark, and weekly bills in Surry excepted) fhall be fet by the lord mayor and aldermen of London, or by the lord Mayor, by the order of the faid court. BALANCE. Balance of an account is that fum which appears due to either party upon ftating, or fettling the account: There is also a Balance of trade between nations that traffic with each other: These first barter goods by exchanging the produce and manufactures of their refpective countries, and when one nation has not goods fufficient to exchange against the other, they are obliged to pay the overplus in money, and this furplus is called the Balance of trade. By this balance is discovered how much much any nation gains or lofes by their traffic with each other; for inftance, if the merchandize Great-Britain receives from France is of the value of one million and a half, and the merchandize France receives from Great-Britain, is of the value but of half a million, then France gains and Great-Britain lofes one endre million annually by this traffic; and this is called the Balance between the two nations. To know whether the balance be for or against us, we must obferve the course of exchange; if the exchange be above par of the money of the country we trade with, then the Balance is on their fide; if the exchange be under par, then is the Balance on our fide. If we export more goods than we receive, it is most certain we fhall have a Balance brought to us in gold and filver, and the mint will be at work to coin that gold and filver: But if we import more than we export, or spend our money in foreign countries, then it is as certain the Balance must be paid by gold and filver fent them to difcharge that debt. If we examine what filver and gold was fhipped out in the year 1723 it will appear we fhipped in that year to Holland, In filver- To India, in filver In bullion, or melted filver 1,810,703 Ounces. 255,753 Ounces. 2,143,086 Ounces. 119,120 Ounces. Poffibly there may be fome entered out for Holland, and not fhipped, as is frequently done in other goods, and there may be fome fhipped to India, and not entred: But certain it is both pieces of eight and bullion are brought and fhipped off, fome of which coft 5 s. and 4 d. fome 5 s. and 5 d. and fome more per ounce, and I believe none so low a standard as 5 s. and 2 d. for thirty years paft; and I prefume it has not at any time fold for more than 5 s. and 2 d. in Holland: So that I think I may safely conclude, that upon an average we pay or lofe four per cent. upon all the filver fhipped to Holland, and we muft fuppofe gold bears fome proportion to the filver. There is no notice taken of filver or gold fhipped off toNorway, or Sweden, or the Baltic, nor the bullion fent from hence to Holland, which we may fuppofe is generally of our coined money melted down. What is carried goes away fecretly, left, by being made public, it fhould lead into an enquiry whence the bullion came: What the quantity fhipped off befide may be is impoffible to guefs; however, what appears amounts to above two millions fterling in the year, and it is impoffible any fum like this can be brought into this kingdom from all the nations we trade with. We have no bullion coming to us in gold and filver; unlefs it be from Portugal and Spain, and what we have had of late by our South-Sea trade, and from Jamaica, and the rest of our *.. Plantations; |