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(h) One tine of a deer's antler, perforated by an ellipsoid aperture. (1) A piece of a large fossil Ammonite shell, a fossil plentiful in the bad-lands of South Dakota,

(j) There were also a complete human skull and some ribs in the same chamber, directly opposite the man's skeleton previously mentioned. These bones are probably those of a woman.

Mound 6.-This mound had a circular burial pit containing three human skeletons; one earthen urn having a continuous spiral groove running around it and terminating at the center of the under surface (pl. XXXI, d, ƒ); one copper bead (pl. xxxiv,ƒ); two catlinite pipes; three small bone needles; five large bone tubes, or beads, or perhaps pipe-stems, made from the wing-bones of a large bird, probably the pelican; one bone spear, with hooks or tines on one side; one horn implement, curiously cut and carved; one small perforated antler; one larger perforated antler; and a small heap of red paint. One of the stone tobacco pipes is 5% inches in length, and both exhibit distinct evidences of use in the smoking of tobacco, possibly the species Nicotiana rusticum.

Mound on Section 6, Range 64, Township 153

This mound contained charred poles at the usual depth, and one circular burial pit about 31⁄2 feet in diameter and 2 feet in depth. In the pit were two decomposed human skeletons; one broken bone article, probably a bracelet; and one clay pipe bowl, light gray in color, apparently baked, showing marks of use. This pipe was straight and somewhat like the catlinite pipes in general shape. It exhibits somewhat better workmanship than the large clay pipe found on Sully's hill near Fort Totten. (See pl. xxxiii, ¿).

Mounds on Section 19, Range 63, Township 155

Mound I contained no definite grave or pit and no wood, but it bore evidences of fire in the presence of a hard, nearly circular bed of ashes and charcoal about five feet in diameter. Several human bones were scattered throughout the mound, but none of them had been burnt. Among the things found in this mound may be mentioned two large beads made from the columella of a heavy marine shell, perhaps Busycon (pl. xxxiv, d).

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a. Pipe-bowl of catlinite. linite pipe, 24 in. in length.

PIPES FROM NORTH DAKOTA MOUNDS

c. Cat

e. Cat

b. Piece of catlinite pipe-bowl which had been cut off before burial. d. Large bowl of catlinite pipe, 10 in. long: from Ramsey county. linite pipe-bowl found with the piece of pipe shown in b. f. Pipe-bowl made from deer antler; length about 4 in. g. Clay pipe, bent; length 5 in.; found in burial pit in Benson county. h. Catlinite pipebowl, 11⁄2 in. long. i. Straight bowl of clay pipe; length 23 in.; found in burial pit in Ramsey county.

Mounds 2 and 3 were each about 30 feet in diameter and 2 feet high. They were connected by a short earthen ridge.

Mounds on Section 18, Range 63, Township 155

Two mounds on this section were connected by a wide ridge 110 feet in length. One of these mounds had a burial pit which contained human skeletons, and large marine shell beads made from the columella of a gasteropod shell, probably Busycon perversum.

MOUNDS IN BENSON COUNTY

Mounds on Range 65, Township 152

Mound I was on Sully's hill, immediately south of Devils lake, and about 145 feet above the level of the latter. It had charred wood, and two circular burial pits that had been excavated in shale. One pit contained four human skeletons, four perforated marine shell beads (pl. xxxiv, g), fifteen pearly shell pendants, and two large marine shell beads, similar to those found on Section 19, Range 63, previously described. The other pit contained nine human skeletons, greatly decomposed, and one large, curved, clay pipe about five inches in length (pl. XXXIII, g).

Mound 2 had two burial pits containing four human skeletons, greatly decomposed.

All

Mound 5 had at a depth of two feet a bed of ashes, charcoal, charred and partly burnt wood, and many charred and partially burnt bones of man and other animals. The greater part of a human skull, also burnt, was removed by me from this bed, as well as partly burnt jaws and skulls of bears and other animals. these were in the ash bed, which was about six feet in diameter and occupied the center of the tumulus. No chamber or pit was found, although a thorough and extended exploration of the mound was made. It appeared to me that the contents of this mound indicated. feasting of some kind—whether cannibalistic feasts or religious rites once held upon the mound, it may be difficult to determine. The mound externally had the shape and appearance of a typical burial mound.

Mounds on Range 64, Township 152

Mound I was circular in form, 30 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height; it occupied a conspicuous position on the south of Devils

242 FT.

lake. Sod and black soil to the depth of a foot were removed from the surface, and then red, burnt clay more than a foot in depth was discovered. This latter extended over a large part of the mound. A little charcoal was found, and a very small quantity of half-burnt wood; but there were no human remains. This I regarded as a beacon mound for the purpose of signaling by means of a bonfire. A long earthen ridge, 3 feet high and 3 feet wide, occurred within twelve feet of this tumulus, on the side remote from the lake. Oblong or elongate mounds occurred also east of Fort Totten.

MOUNDS IN WALSH COUNTY

Mounds on Section 32, Range 55, Township 155

There were thirty-five mounds and four long ridges or embankments situated near the head of Forest river. Not all of these are indicated on the accompanying plan (figure 21). A noticeable feat

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FOREST RIVER

FIG. 21.— Plan of mounds and ridges near Forest river, Walsh county, North Dakota.

ure of these mounds was their great width, many of them ranging from 60 to 90 feet in diameter. A number of them were elongate. Another characteristic was the connection of some of these mounds by long low ridges or embankments. Some of the latter were of great length, being respectively 1,118 feet, 2,064 feet, and 2,688 feet long. The ridges ran in a direct line to the center of the

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