31-39.) Discusses the types of maps of Greenland, going back to Claudius Ĉlavius (who had been in that country himself) and to Donnus Nikolaus Germanus. Of the first or "correct "" type 6 large and 7 small MS. maps are known. Dr F. still doubts Columbus' direct knowledge of Norse discoveries. Fraas (E.) Vergleichung der amerikanischen und europäischen Juraformation. (Ibid., 41-45.) Compares the American and European Jura formations. In the Jura period when all Europe was an archipelago in a great ocean America was already a great continent. Fric (V.) Eine Pilcomayo-Reise in den Chaco Central. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 213-220, 229-234, 15 fgs., map.) Gives results of journey on the Pilcomayo in the central Chaco in 1903-1904. Notes on the Pilagá (marriage presents and ornamental motif, hunting wasp honey, the pacuná or widows' duel, prayer to the new moon, clothing and ornament, fire-making, intoxicants, character, family life, war, etc.), Toba, etc.

Gerard (W. R.) The "Virginia" potato. (Scientif. Amer., N. Y., 1906, XCV, 187.) Interesting account of the various names of the potatoes (sweet and common) and of the other tuberous plants with which they were confused by the early colonists, explorers, and writers. In particular the native names of six subterranean vegetable products used as food by the Renape Indians of Roanoke island are etymologized. The potato was not introduced from Virginia into Ireland, as is commonly believed, but the specimens that reached the latter were taken from the cargo of a captured Spanish vessel home-bound from Santo Domingo. Giuffrida-Ruggeri (V.) Un cranio Guayachi, un cranio (incompleto) Ciamacoco e un cranio Fuegino. (A. d. Soc. Rom. di Antrop., 1906, XII, 235-254, 2 pl.) Describes, with measurements, a Guayaki (female) and an imperfect Samuco (male) skull, both collected by Boggiano (indices 77 and 76.2); also a male Fuegian skull (index 84.9) collected by the Salesian missionary Bouvaire. Dr G.-R. seems to recognize in the Fuegians, Pampeans, etc., a South American type (mesocephalic in primitive form) with "" pre-Mongolian" 'affini

ties.

Quattro scheletri di Indiani Cavinas, Sud-America Centrale. (Ibid., 259

277.) Describes, with measurements, four skeletons (3 females, I male) of the Bolivian tribe of Cavinas, who originally inhabited the left bank of the river Madre de Dios, collected by Prof. L. Balzan. The four skulls resemble one another much and "represent a pure nucleus," from the craniometrical point of view. Hamy (E. T.) Le centenaire du retour en Europe d'Alexandre de Humboldt et d'Aimé Goujaud de Bonpland, 3 août 1804. (Intern. Amer.-Kongr., Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, XXXV-xlvii.) Gives an account of Humboldt and Bonpland and their scientific investigations in America. Hill-Tout (C.) The Salish tribes of the coast and lower Fraser delta. (Ann. Arch. Rep. Ont. 1905, Toronto, 1906, 225-235.) Treats of social organization and customs (classes and castes, namegiving, marriage), religious beliefs and practices (totem-crests, belief in protecting spirits the chief feature of Salish religion, guardian spirits acquired by dreams and visions, religious ideas not ethical or moral, no idea of Supreme Being, spirit-lore), material (habitations, food, dress, etc.). Jones (W.) Central Algonkin.

culture

(Ibid.,

136-146.) Treats of the social, material and religious life of the Ojibwa in their larger aspects; society, government (loose even at the first advent of the French), property (rights vaguely defined), dwellings (bark house and oval lodge), food (mostly cooked; they were "a typical people of the woods"), fire (bow-drill, flint and tinder), clothing, weaving (heddle-loom), transportation ("packing" with tump-line, toboggan, snow-shoe, canoe), games (original of lacrosse, woman's ball, throwing-stick, dolls, etc.), weapons (bow-and-arrow, clubs), picture writing on birch-bark, religion ("firm-belief in omnipresent cosmic mystery," mythology rich in characters, the "great one was Nanabozho) and religious practices (healing sick, sleight of hand, power of prophecy, midewiwin). On the theory of getting possession of the soul the Ojibwa hunted for game.

Kapff (E.) Anteil der Württemberger an der Kolonisation Amerikas. (Intern. Amerik. -Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, xlviii-lvii.) Treats of the share of Württembergers in the settlement of America Ehinger and Rentz in Santo

Domingo, Ehinger and Sailer in northern S. America (1528); the mass-immigration of 1709 in New York, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas, and the subsequent one of 1717. The Suabian communities founded by Rapp, etc., are also referred to. Leutzer, who painted "Washington crossing the Delaware," was a Suabian.

Koch-Grünberg (T.) Die Maskentänze der Indianer des oberen Rio Negro und Yapurá. (A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1906, N. F., IV, 293-298, 5 fgs.) Brief descriptions of the mask-dances (butterfly, wood-spirits, jaguar) of the Kobéua Indians of the upper Rio Negro and Yapura. The butterfly, találako, is one of the most dangerous spirits; likewise the spiker, māka, and a leaf-insect, budyaúöbo. Feared also are the anthropomorphic wood-demons Mākukö and Kohäkö and their wives. The text of the jaguar-song is given. Dr K. thinks the object of these mask-dances is to drive away spirits and to produce fertility. While among the Indians of this region, 1903-1905, he obtained some 130 masks, of which 80 are different, indicating the large number of demons represented in these ceremonies.

Die Indianerstämme am oberen Rio Negro und Yapurá und ihre sprachliche Zugehörigkeit. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1906, XXXVIII, 166-205, I pl., 15 fgs., map.) Describes briefly the Indian tribes which the author has himself visited or from which he has col

lected linguistic material. The peoples concerned belong to at least 6 distinct stocks: Arawakan (Baré, Baniva, Uarekená, Yaviteros, Tariana, and numerous other tribes); Betoyan (Tucano, Uananá or Kótitia, Kobéua or Hähänaua, Koroa, Makuna, Pápulihähänaua, Uásönå, Uaíana, Möxdäa, Pamoá, etc.); Makuan (numerous tribes wandering between the Caiary and its tributaries and between the Rio Negro and the Yapurá — a new linguistic stock); Cariban (Umáua, Hianákata, Carijona, and others); Miranhan (tribes centering on the Rio Cauiuary and westward between the Yapurá and the Iça); and Uitolan (neighbors of the Miranhan,

numerous

tribes between the upper Yapura and Iça, particularly on the Rio Carapaná and the Igaraparaná -another new linguistic stock). Pages 190203 are devoted to language, brief vocabularies of 8 Arawakan, II Betoyan,

I Cariban, 3 Makuan, and 2 Miranhan dialects being given.

Mercante (V.) Investigaciones cranio

métricas en las escuelas nacionales de La Plata. (Arch. de Pedag. y Ciencas afines, La Plata, 1906, 1, 41-79.) Gives three measurements (ant.-post, max. transv., bizygom.) of 652 male and 549 female pupils between the ages of 6 and 20 years in the Normal School, Colegio Nacional and Escuela Graduada Anexa, representing descendants of the numerous nationalities now present in Argentina. The variation in the extremes of the cephalic index is great, but the general type is brachycephalic, the proportion of dolichocephalic being very small. The girls are more brachycephalic.

Meyer (H.) Die Vorzeit des Menschen im äquatorialen Andengebiet. (Intern. Amerik.-Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 47-56.) In the Andean highlands no traces of diluvial man have yet been found, the oldest human relics in the equatorial region here indicating a more advanced culture than that of Pampean man (associated with the remains of extinct mammals). These relics the author attributes to "the Quitu, who inhabited this plateau before the Cara and the Inca." Man took possession of these regions in the beginning of the present post-glacial period.

Nielsen (Y.) Die ältesten Verbindungen zwischen Norwegen und Amerika. (Ibid., 91-99.) Discusses the Norse voyages to America and the contact of the explorers with the aborigines and the references to the latter in the old text. Dr N. believes that "in the eleventh century the coasts of Nova Scotia were inhabited by Eskimo"; also that the voyage of King Harold Haardraade was to Vinland, not to Greenland. The people of Markland, Vinland, Greenland, were all Eskimo, but in Nova Scotia, etc., Indian tribes may have been their close neighbors.

Olshausen (-) Ueber Wurfspeere von einem der Indianerstämme am Ucayali, (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1906, XXXVIII, 229-231.) Treats of seven throwingspears from Indian tribes on the Yucayali and now in the Royal Ethnological Museum. They resemble the spears brought from the Yapurá by Dr Koch, and their points are brown from urali poison.

Preuss (K. T.) Religionen der Natur.

völker. Amerika. (A. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1906, IX, 114-142.) Résumés reviews of recent books and monographs on the religion and mythology of the Indians of North, Central, and South America, by Hill-Tout (Siciatl), Goddard (Hupa), Dixon (Maidu), Kroeber (California culture-types), Owens (Musquakie: Sauk and Fox), Kroeber (Arapaho social organization), Dorsey (Arapaho sun dance), Fletcher (Pawnee Hako ceremony), Voth (Oraibi Oáqöl ceremony), Fewkes (Hopi Katcinas), Seler (Mexican codex, representations of sacrifices on monuments, etc.), Ehrenreich (primitive myths of America), Bandelier (Titicaca myths and traditions).

Ruge (W.) Ein Globus von Gemma Frisius. (Intern. Amerik.-Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 3-10.) Describes a globe by Gemma Frisius (ca. 1550), the South American names on which are of particular interest, belonging with those on the Mercator map of 1541, and of the mappemonde of Vopell. Sapper (K.) Der Einfluss des Menschen auf die Gestaltung des mexikanischmittelamerikanischen Landschaftbildes. (Globus, Brnschwg., 1906, LXXXIX, 149-152.) The earliest advent of man in this region is post-diluvial. The land was populated partly from the north, partly from the south--the old "civilized" peoples (Aztecs, Mayas) being of northern origin. Much change in the aspect of the country was due to the pursuit of agriculture; but great alteration occurred through the Spanish conquest, by disturbance of native settlements and by the introduction of domesticated animals and plants. Increase of population in the nineteenth century and the inroads of modern culture (industrial and economical in particular) have also made significant changes.

Solberg (O.) Ueber die Ba'hos der Hopi.

(A. f. Anthrop., Brnschwg., 1905, N. S., IV, 48-74, 3 pl., 14 fgs.) Treats, on basis of author's observations in the winter of 1903-4, the symbolism of the bahos of the Hopi (Moqui) Indians, particularly of the pueblos of Mishongnovi and Shipaulovi (his chief informant was Sikyápiki, the old Snakechief of the latter). Material, form, color, etc., are discussed. S. does not agree with Fewkes' interpretation of the bahos as symbolic corn-offerings, etc. Stolpe (H.) Ueber die Forschungser

gebnisse der schwedischen GrönlandExpedition vom Jahre 1899. (Intern. Amerik.-Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 101-105, 5 pl.) Résumés results of the Swedish investigations of 1899 of Eskimo remains (6 stations" were found, the one at Cape Mary on Clavering island contained a multitude of graves the last living Eskimo was seen there in 1823 and the disappearance of the tribe is unexplained) on the N. E. coast of Greenland between 70° and 75° lat. The finds include graves, ruins of winter and traces of summer dwellings, lamps, women's knives, wooden shovels, knives of iron and bone, kayak-scrapers, tools of bone and walrus teeth, harpoon and spear points, bows and arrows, throwing-sticks, toyhuman and animal figures, etc. A wooden bowl in the grave of a girl contained dolls, a woman's knife, etc. Most interesting of all perhaps were some miniature models of winter-houses made by children. Dr S. believes that the Eskimo reached N. E. Greenland by the same northern route as the Arctic wolf and the muskox.

Thomas (C.) Historical account [of the Indians of Canada]. (Ann. Arch. Rep. Ont. 1905, Toronto, 1906, 7183.) Historical notes on the Indian stocks and tribes of Canada, particularly the Algonquian and Iroquoian. Dr T. believes that the Indians of the Atlantic section came from the northwest the region north of L. Superior was one great center of distribution. Man probably first appeared in North America on the N. W. coast in the post-glacial age, and the Eskimo had reached Greenland and the Algonquians the Atlantic coast by the tenth century at least. Varona (E. J.) Cuba precolumbina. (Rev. Fac. Letr. y Ci., Habana, 1906, 11, 156–161.) Brief general discussion, with references to Bachiller y Morales' rather chaotic Cuba Primitiva, Cornilliac's Anthropologie des Antilles, de Arma's La fábula de los Caribes, etc. Wolkenhauer (A.) War die magnetische Deklination vor Kolumbus erster Reise nach Amerika tatsächlich unbekannt? (Intern. Amerik.-Kongr. Stuttgart, 1904, 1906, XIV, 11-29.) Discusses views of Bertelli, d'Avezacs, Hellmann, etc. Dr W. seeks to prove that "the compasses of Columbus afford palpable proof for a knowledge of magnetic declination," as d'Avezacs maintained.