sabian muy bien la lengua general deste reino." It is therefore not unlikely that Betanzos heard of the tradition previous to 1540, or less than ten years after Pizarro landed in Peru. During that time it is not likely that contact with the whites could have made more than a very slight impression on Indian folk-lore.

72. Suma y Narracion, cap. II, p. 6.

73. What we took for a pond is decribed by Betanzos as a brook. Squier (Peru, p. 402) states: "At the upper end of this space, which has been widened by terracing up against the lava fields, and piling back the rough fragments on each other, is a copious spring, sending out a considerable stream. It has been carefully walled in with cut stones, and surrounded with terraces, over the edges of which it falls, in musical cataracts, into a large artificial pond or reservoir covering several acres, in which grow aquatic plants, and in which water-birds find convenient refuge." Our time was too short to permit us to investigate these artificial beauties, if they still exist.

74. Herrera (Historia general, etc., 1729, vol. 11, déc. v, p. 61) follows Cieza. Gregorio Garcia (Origen de los Indios, 1729, p. 33) copies Betanzos.

75. Relacion de Antiguedades deste Reyno del Pirú (Tres Relaciones, p. 237).

76. Cachapucara means, in Quicha, the strong or well-guarded site (fortified place) of Cacha.' This alludes to an ancient village higher up than the actual locality, which is in the valley and has little, if any, natural protection.

77. The eruption must have been anterior to the fifteenth century, since Inca tradition, as well as the tales concerning Viracocha, mention it as having occurred in very ancient times. The large buildings, now in ruins, having been constructed probably at the end of the fourteenth century, it is likely that Cachapucara was a settlement distinct from the Cacha of to-day.

78. Juan de Ulloa Mogollon, etc., Relacion de la Provincia de los Collaguas para la descripcion de las Yndias que Su Magestad manda hacer (Rel. geogr., vol. II, p. 40).

79. Raimondi, El Perú (1, p. 169): "Cuya naturaleza volcánica pude reconocer mas tarde contemplándolos de cerca, . . .' ..." (p. 237): "Desde Huayllura se divisa en la otra banda del rio el grande nevado de Solimana, el cual formaba en otra época con el Coropuna, el Sahuanqqueya, el Chachani y el Misti, una elevada cadena volcánica que ha sido cortada por los rios de Ocoña, Mages y Chile."

80. The altitude of Koropuna has been determined from an excellent base by Don Mariano Bustamante y Barreda and found to be more than 23,000 feet. Compare my Observaciones sobre medidas hipsométricas en las Cordilleras de Bolivia (Estudios de Orografia andina, by Manuel Vicente Ballivian, La Paz, 1900, p. 75). Raimondi, Perú, 1, pp. 169, 237. 81. Segunda Parte de la Crónica del Perú, p. 112.

82. Perú, 1, p. 169, 237.

83. Cieza has 1549, which must be a misprint.

84. Relacion del Obispado de Arequipa, December 15, 1649 (Rel. geogr., II, p. xviii). The occasional appearance of thin smoke above the crater of Misti has been mentioned to me, among others, by a most reliable authority, Prof. S. J. Bailey, in charge of the observatory at Arequipa. In the book entitled Arequipa, by Don Jorge Polar, 1891, mention is made (p. 47) of a work by Father Travada, El suelo de Arequipa convertido en cielo, in which reference is made to a manuscript of the Dominican Fray Alvaro Melendez, narrating an expedition to Misti on May 1, 1677; also (p. 50) an allusion to what must have been a slight eruption on March 28, 1677: "En la obra del P. Travada que hemos citado en otro lugar, dice, al referirse al manuscrito del P. Melendez: que el 28 de Marzo de 1677 se notó en Arequipa una densa nube de humo que coronaba toda la cumbre del volcán, que fue reconocida por la expedicion que mandaron los Cabildos Eclesiástico y Real, la cual confirmó que era humo de azufre, y vió en el cráter muchas aberturas de donde salía, divisando por dos de ellas, las mayores, unas como llamas de fuego. En otro lugar refiere, que Otra expedicion de los licenciados don Pedro Portugal y don Sebastian Hernani, curas de Andahuaylas y Cabaña, que vieron lo mismo, conjuraron aquel seno." Polar mentions a strong emission of smoke in November, 1874, and adds that a photographic view of the smoking mountain was then taken. Otherwise, early data concerning Misti are very contradictory, and there is manifestly a confusion between that peak, the Ubinas, and the Omate.

85. Primera Parte de la Crónica, (cap. LXXVI, p. 425): "Cerca de ella hay un volcan, que algunos temen no reviente y haga algun daño. En algunos tiempos hace en esta ciudad grandes temblores de tierra."

86. Historia del Colegio de la Compañia de Jesus de Arequipa y reventazon del volcan de Omate (MS. in the National Library at Lima, fol. 8). 87. Ibid. "Es fama que este bolcan en tiempos pasados vomito fuego y tierra pomes y que vino á dar en agua. Aora no se saue que eche de si cosa."

88. Ibid. (fol. 24): "Y avn se dijo que algunos hechizeros sacrificaron carneros al Volcan porque no los hundiesse y que hablaron con el demonio que les dezia las tempestades que auia de auer y como el uolcan de Omate se auia querido concertar con el de arequipa para destruir a los españoles y como el de arequipa respondiese quel no podia venir en ello por ser Xpano y llamarse S. franc° quel de Omate solo se esforzaua por salir con este yntento.

89. Historia del Colegio (MS., fol. 27) has a good description of Omate in the year 1600, after the great eruption : "Rematase en lo alto con vnas puntas por la parte de afuera de suerte que haze vna como forma de corona y en medio del se leuanta otra punta menos alta que las de las orillas que tendra de vulto como vna mediana yglesia y aqui tiene la boca. Llamanle los indies chiqui Omate denominado de vn puertecillo pequeño que tiene a la rraiz, llamanle tanvien Guayna putina que quiere decir volcan moço o nueuo. Porque a poco que echa fuego. Otros lo llaman Choque putina ques lo mismo que Uolcan de mal aguero."

90. Relacion de Antigüedades (p. 278). The "Potina" is almost

certainly the " Huayna Putina," hence it may be an allusion to a precolumbian eruption of the "Omate." The other one, "lower down than Guamanga," may be one of the extinct or slumbering volcanoes of the Solimana or Koropuna group. See note 70.

91. Torres Rubio, Arte y Vocabulario de la Lengua Quichua (fol. 155) has cacaca, huesos de muerto.' The word seems to be Aymará. Bertonio, Vocabulario (11, p. 304) has "Sacaca - Vna exalacion ignéa propriamente, que aun de dia suele verse algunas vezes. Sacaca hali Exalacion de fuego tambien, que de noche parece que corre de vna estrella a otra. The definition is rather indefinite, hence the allusion of Espada to comets is not to be altogether rejected.

92. Relacion (p. 279): "Al fin el dicho Pachacutiyngayupangui haze la entrada y conquista de los Condesuyos con cien mill hombres, y entonces la uaca de Cañacuay se arde fuego temerario, y no los consiente passar la gente."

93. Memorias antiguas historiales y políticas del Perú (pp. 78, 79). 94. See Note 45.

95. At least not of volcanic origin. The mass of the Karka Jake or Huayna Potosí is of syenite. Silurian rocks form, so far as known, the crest or ridge of the Cordillera.

96. The altitudes of these peaks are yet imperfectly determined, and all that has been ascertained is limited to approximations. That one or the other of them, like Sajama for instance, is taller than the highest peak of the eastern Andes is likely.

97. The Isluga, Ollagua, Licancaur, and several more, are mentioned on maps of Chile as volcanoes, and some of them are at least intermittently active.

98. Segunda Parte de la Crónica, p. 6.

99. I have this definition from my friend Don Agustin Tovar, of Puno.

100. This great commotion is so frequently mentioned that no reference to authorities is required.

101. Especially on the east side of Lake Titicaca.

102. I have this on the authority of Mr John Minchin, a Scottish engineer of great reliability.

103. Mr Frederick Frank, for many years a resident of Kamata, a village at the foot of Tuanani, assured me, by letter, that to his knowledge and that of the oldest inhabitants the mountain had never shown any trace of volcanic activity. We saw it from the heights about Charassani as a considerable elevation crowned by a serrated ridge.

104. New Mexico and Arizona also have a number of ancient craters and lava-streams, but there is hardly any authentic recollection of volcanic disturbances.

105. Historia de Chile desde su Descubrimiento hasta el año de 1575 (Historiadores primitivos de Chile, vol. II, cap. 1, p. 1): "Hai asímesmo por la Cordillera muchos volcanes por toda ella que echan fuego de sí de ordinario, y mas en el inuierno que en el verano.

106. Historica Relacion del Reyno de Chile, lib. 1, cap. vi, p. 15.

107. Historia geográfica, natural y civil del Reino de Chile (Hist. primitivos de Chile, vol. XIV, p. 64). Peteroa, "este antiquo volcano" (p. 322).

108. La Aravcana (ed. of 1735, parte primera, canto xv, fol. 79):

(fol. 139.) (fol. 173.)

"Y assi la firme tierra removida,

Tiembla, i ai terremotos tan vsados,
Derribando en los Pueblos, i Montañas
Hombres, Ganados, Casas, i Cabañas."
"La Villarica, i el Volcan fogoso,"
"Pasó de Villarica el fertil Lllano,

Que tiene al Sur el gran Volcan vecino,
Fragua (segun afirman) de Vulcano,
Que regoldando fuego está contino."

109. Descripcion de las Provincias de Santiago i Concepcion (Hist. primitivos de Chile, vol. x1, p. 310).

110. Historia geográfica, natural y civil de Chile, lib. vi, p. 322.

III. So, for instance, P. Miguel de Olivarez, S. J., Historia militar, civil y sagrada de Chile (eighteenth century, p. 53; in vol. IV of Historiadores primitivos). Juan Ignazio Molina, S. J., Saggio su la Storia Civile dell Chile (1782, fol. 87). The latter has "Thegtheg" instead of "Tenten."

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY,
NEW YORK CITY.

AM. ANTH., N. s, 8-6

BY ALBERT ERNEST JENKS

Almost everywhere in the vacant roadsides and yards of Manila, and up and down the island of Luzon, little groups of native Filipinos may be seen playing games with coins. Bareheaded, usually barefooted, wearing only thin trousers and thinner shirts, with a cigarette between the teeth, in the hand, or tucked over the ear, these men and boys gamble by the hour, almost as industriously as the Manila "Chino" works.

The audience, like the players, is made up of unemployed people, and such onlookers usually sit on the ground by the hour squatting, animal-like, on their feet, resting their haunches on their heels. The groups of black-haired, unburnished-bronze-skinned people are passive and indolent, save for the stooping figures of the players which move slowly back and forth in the game.

In the various barrios and districts of the present composite city of Manila different games seem to hold sway. The game of pal'-ma is played more in the Walled City than elsewhere, because, apparently, the narrow streets with the abutting buildings give the vertical walls necessary for playing the game. Ermita favors the game of tang'-ga-why, I do not know.

Tang'-ga is a game of skill-a test of a simple coördination of the hand and eye - yet there is in it enough of chance, of the frown and smile of fortune, to make it a gambling game. At times, when money is scarce or time hangs heavily, friends play simply for pleasure.

Tang'-ga is played on the earth. A bare spot free of sticks, pebbles, and loose sand is chosen - preferably a surface of clay or 1 Pa-ma-to is the Tagalog name of the coin, stone, piece of pottery, or other thing tossed, flipped, pitched, or thrown in playing various games. Among other games it is employed in the Tagalog games of ka-la-ho'-yo, ba-tong' la-pit', pi-ko', and tang'-ga; it is also used in the Spanish game of cara y cruz, and in the game of pal'-ma, which is said to be of Chinese origin.