destitute of gills at all periods of its existence. It is found in the Ohio and other western rivers, and is commonly called ground-puppet, mud-devil, young alligator, &c.-Menobranchus lateralis resembles the preceding in form, but the gills persist during life; an indistinct blackish band on each side. It attains the length of one or two feet, lives in the water, and is very voracious. It is found in the Ohio and the lakes.-Siren lacertina; an eel-shaped animal, having external gills, and two stnall feet, situated at the anterior part of the body. It conceals itself in the mud, but occasionally visits both land and water. It inhabits the Southern States. Two other species of siren are found in the same districts.-Amphiuma means; likewise an eel-shaped animal, but it has four very small rudimentary feet, which have two toes each. It burrows in the mud, in swamps, or in the vicinity of streams, and occasionally visits the dry land. It grows to the length of three feet, and is found in the Southern States. A second species, a tridactyla, distinguished from the former by having three toes on each foot, has been discovered in Arkan sas. SALAMANDER. Gnome.) (See Gabalis, and SALAMIS (now Colouri); an island (arca, 80 square miles) on the eastern coast of Greece, in the gulf of Argolis, separated from Attica by a narrow channel, about half a mile wide. It is celebrated for the naval victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians (B. C. 480). (See Themistocles, and the article Navy.) SAL AMMONIAC. (See Ammonia.) SALANGANE, OF HIRUNDO ESCULENTA. (See Birds' Nests.) SALEM. (See Jerusalem.) SALEM, a seaport, and the capital of Essex county, Massachusetts, is chiefly built on a tongue of land, formed by two inlets from the sea, called North and South rivers, over the former of which is a bridge more than 1500 feet in length, connecting Salem with Beverly; and the South river forms the harbor. Salem is 14 miles north-east from Boston, 24 south of Newburyport, 450 from Washington; lat. 42° 34' N.; lon. 70° 54′ W.; population in 1820, 12,731; in 1830, 13,886. This town is the second in Massachusetts in respect to population, and probably in respect also to wealth; but New Bedford now surpasses it in its amount of shipping, and Lowell and some other towns greatly exceed it in manufactures. The trade of Salem is principally with the East Indies, and it employs a very large capital. In 1818, the number of vessels employed in this trade was fifty-three, carrying 14,272 tons. The harbor of Salem has good anchorage; but vessels drawing more than twelve feet of water usually lighten their cargoes at some distance from the wharves. The situation of the town is low, but pleasant and healthy. It is well built, and many of the houses have pleasant yards and gardens. The houses which have been erected within thirty years are principally of brick, and many of them are large and elegant. The town exhibits little of the bustle of business, but has the appearance of order, neatness, and the quiet enjoyment of domestic comforts. It contains a court-house, a jail, an alins-house, a market-house, an East India marine museum, and a lyceum. It has eight banks, with a total capital of $1,850,000; five insurance companies, total capital $850,000; and one mutual insurance company, and an institution for savings. There are two libraries; an athenæum containing 6000 volumes, and a mechanics' library containing 1200 volumes. Three semi-weekly and two weekly papers are published. There are two white lead factories, sixteen tanneries, eleven rope and twine factories, and a chemical laboratory. The houses for worship are, three for Calvinists, four for Unitarians, two for Baptists, and one each for Episcopalians, Methodists, Christians, Roman Catholics, Friends and Universalists, making fifteen in the whole. There are eight schools_exclusively for boys, consisting of a Latin grammar school, an English high school, and six English grammar schools. There are two English grammar schools for girls, and eight primary schools, which are attended by children of both sexes. There are also two infant schools, one private, the other supported by charity; a proprietors' school for young ladies; the Salem classical school; and many others. This statement indicates, what is really true, that the people of Salem pay great attention to the education of their children. No child in the town, that is old enough, and has health to attend school, wants the means of obtaining a good education. In 1801, a society was incorporated, composed of such persons as had sailed from this port round the cape of Good Hope or cape Horn, in the capacity of masters or supercargoes of vessels. The number of such persons living in Salem, in 1824, was about 160. This East India marine society is designed to afford relief to indigent members or their families, and to promote the knowledge of navigation and trade to the East Indies. The museum belonging to it is a very extensive and interesting cabinet of curiosities, collected from all parts of the world. It is visited free of expense, on obtaining admission from any gentleman of the society. Salem is, next to Plymouth, the oldest town in the state, and was settled in 1628. Its Indian name was Naumkeag, or Naumkeak. SALEP is obtained from the tuberous roots of one or more species of orchis, and is usually imported from Turkey and other parts of the Levant; though it may be prepared in any part of Europe, from many common species of orchis, as also, in all probability, in the U. States. The process consists simply in washing the roots, and rubbing off the brown skin, when they are dried, and afterwards ground into powder. This powder, as an article of diet, is esteemed highly nutritious, containing a great quantity of furinaceous matter in a small bulk. The roots are dug up as soon as the flower stalks begin to decay, and the newly formed bulbs, which have then attained their perfect state, are separated. An ounce of this powder and an ounce of portable soup, dissolved in two quarts of boiling water, will form a jelly capable of affording sustenance to a man for a day; consequently, it is of great use in long voyages, or travels by land. SALERNUM (now Salerno); a city in the province of Picenum, in Lower Italy, remarkable for the civitas Hippocratica, or medical institution, called also schola Salernitana, which flourished there in the twelfth century after Christ, and was the nursery of all the medical faculties of Europe. This was the principal source of modern practical medicine; and the dietetical precepts of this school were put into verse, and widely diffused. (See Medicine, History of.) SALESIAN NUNS. The nuns of the order of the visitation of the Virgin Mary are so called from their founder, Francis of Sales, by whom and his friend Chanta this order was established, in 1610, at Annecy, in Savoy, originally as a refuge for widows and sick females. In process of time, however, it was enlarged, and devoted principally to spiritual exercises and the healing of the sick the occupants were clad in black, and so numerous that, in the eighteenth century, there were 160 convents and 6600 nuns. There are still convents of the Salesian nuns in the principal cities of Italy, particularly in Venice, Trieste and Breslau. They now devote themselves to the healing of the sick and the education of young girls. SALFI, Francesco, born in 1756, at Cosenza, in Calabria, after having received the rudiments of education, became his own teacher, and acquired extensive learning. After the earthquake, in 1783, he published a work entitled an Essay on Anthropological Phenomena, which treated on the moral influence of earthquakes upon man. Some of the opinions in this work were of so bold a kind that they were near bringing him under the displeasure of the higher powers. He settled in Naples, and, in the dispute between the Neapolitan court and the pope, took the side of his sovereign, by publishing three tracts, and was rewarded by a commandery. He next produced several dramatic pieces of merit. The government suspecting him of revolutionary principles, he thought it prudent to retire to Genoa. When the French penetrated into Italy, in 1796, he went to Milan, took a part in the conducting of some of the journals, and was afterwards employed by the Cisalpine government. In 1799, he was secretary-general of the Neapolitan republic. In 1800, when the French reconquered Italy, he returned to Milan. In 1801, he was appointed inspector of the great theatres at Milan, and professor of philosophy and history at the university of Brera. In 1807, he was made professor of diplomacy, and, in 1809, of the law of nations. He now published some tracts, poems and translations, and composed his tragedy of Pausanias. On the dissolution of the kingdom of Italy, in 1814, he was recalled to his native country, and received a pension and a place in the university. He afterwards took up his residence at Paris. He has here continued Ginguené's History of Italian Literature, and, in 1817, printed a Discourse on the History of Greece. Professor Salfi was one of the contributors to the Biographie Universelle. SALIANS, SALIC FRANKS; a people who first appeared on the island of the Batavi, and, when they were driven thence, among the Chamari, to the south of the Meuse. As long as the Cherusci are spoken of, nothing is heard of the Salii; but as soon as the latter are noticed, the Cherusci disappear, and are no longer mentioned. The Salians probably took their name from that of a river in their former country, and first used it when they emigrated to Batavia, upon which they bordered. From the Salians originated the Salic code of laws, which was probably drawn up in Latin, before the time of Clovis, by four of their most distinguished men-Arogast, Bodogast, Salogast and Windagast. It was in force, in some degree, even as late as the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The sixty-second article of this code is very remarkable, according to which, in Salic estates,—that is, those which the Salic Franks had obtained by conquest in Gaul and modern France, the daughters were excluded from the inheritance, and the sons alone were considered capable of succeeding to it. Notwithstanding this article had reference only to private estates, the application of it was even extended to the throne; and it is certain that, from the earliest periods of the French monarchy, no princess succeeded to the throne, except by force of some law different from the ordinary usage. The Salic law was first alleged against Edward, in the contests between Philip VI of France and Edward III of England, about the French crown, and has, since that time, remained always in force. SALIC LAW. (See Salians.) SALIERI, Anthony, imperial chapelmaster at Vienna, was born in 1750, at Legnano, a Venetian fortress. He studied at Venice and Naples, under Pescetti, Gassmann and Gluck. His opera, the Danaides, was at first considered, in Paris, to be chiefly the work of Gluck. Some of his most celebrated works are Tarare (introduced on the Italian stage under the title of Axur, King of Ormus), La Passione di Gesù Cristo, La Scuola dei Gelosi, La Ciffra, Palmira (1795), Armida, Semiramide, the Fair of Venice, &c. He composed thirty-nine operas, partly German, partly Italian. His death took place May 7, 1825. Hummel, Moscheles (q. v.), and others, are his pupils.-See Mosel, On the Life and Works of Salieri (in German, Vienna, 1827). true ancile could not be so easily purloined. This advice was followed, and all the ancilia were deposited in the curia. On the first of March every year, when the Salii offered sacrifices to Mars, they carried them about the city, clashing them together, executing warlike dances, and singing the Salian hymns ancient songs in praise of Mars and the other gods, and of distinguished men, particularly of Mamurius, who made the eleven shields. The dress of the Salii was a purple tunic, embroidered with gold, and bound with a brazen belt, and a toga, with a purple border. On their head they wore a high cap, in the form of a cone, with a sword by their side, a spear or rod in their right hand, and an ancile in their left. None but patrician youths, whose parents were alive, could be admitted among the Salii. SALINA; a post-township of Onondaga county, New York, 130 miles west of Albany. It includes Onondaga lake, and the principal salt springs in the state. The water of the lake is salt; and wells dug on its margin, and springs flowing into it, are also salt. Very extensive salt works have been established for several years. The state of New York owns these waters, and exacts a duty of 12 cents a bushel on all the salt manufactured from them. From 16 to 25 ounces of salt are obtained from a gallon of water. Besides the muriate of soda, small portions of the muriate of lime, sulphate of lime, oxide of iron, and Epsom salts, are contained in the water; but these are easily separated. More than half a million of bushels of salt are annually produced, and these waters are doubtless capable of yielding a very much greater quantity. Most of the salt hitherto made has been fine; probably owing to its not being allowed proper time to form into large crystals. The price is about 25 cents a bushel. The outlet of Onondaga lake communicates with Seneca river, through which is opened an extensive boat navigation. The Erie canal passes through SALII; priests of Mars, whose name is the south part of Salina, and a side-cut derived from salire (to leap, to dance). connects it with the village. There are Numa fixed their number at twelve; four considerable villages in the township Tullus Hostilius increased it. Their ori--Salina, Liverpool, Syracuse and Gedgin is thus accounted for by the Romans: des. The whole contained, in 1830, In the time of Numa, Rome was deso- 6920 inhabitants. lated by a pestilence, which ceased when the gods let fall from heaven the ancile (a shield of a peculiar form). The soothsayers declared that this shield was the sign of the perpetuity of the Roman power, and advised that eleven others should be made similar to it, so that the SALINE; a river of Illinois, which flows into the Ohio about twenty-six miles below the Wabash. It is navigable for boats thirty miles. The U. States have extensive salt works on this river, twenty miles by the river, ten in a direct line from its mouth, and twelve miles from Shaw neetown. Salt is sold here at from 50 to 100 cents a bushel. SALISBURY, EARL OF. (See Cecil.) SALISBURY, OF NEW SARUM; an ancient city of England, in Wiltshire, on the Avon. The cathedral is one of the finest in Europe, and is of the architecture of the thirteenth century. The whole building may be viewed as composed of the church, the tower and spire, the cloister and the chapter-house. The church consists of a nave, with two lateral aisles, a bold and lofty porch projecting on the north side, a large transept with an eastern aisle, a choir with lateral aisles, and a second or small transept with an aisle, a Lady chapel at the east end, with an intermediate vestibule or double aisle terminating the choir. On the south side of the church are a cloister, chapter-house, consistory court, and a vestry. The tower, which is built on four massive pillars in the centre of the church, is surmounted by a spire, rising to the height of 400 feet. The bishop's palace is a large irregular building, the work of different periods, the earliest part being of the same age as the cathedral. The college of matrons, for the widows of clergymen, erected by bishop Ward, is a regular building, with small but commodious gardens. There are three parish churches in the city. In Catholic times, Salisbury contained a great variety of religious establishments, the remains of a few of which may be traced; and the hospital of St. Nicholas continues still to maintain a master and twelve poor persons. There are six other hospitals in the city. Salisbury is noted for its manufacture of cutlery. Formerly it was also remarkable for its manufacture of woollens; but that branch of trade is now nearly extinct. Salisbury sends two members to parliament. Population, 8763. Twenty-one miles north-east of Southanipton. Salisbury Plain extends from Salisbury twenty-five miles east to Winches ter, and twenty-eight west to Weymouth. Its breadth in some places is near thirty miles. Numerous flocks of sheep are fed here. The famous Stonehenge, and other antiquities, both British and Roman, are found in this plain.-Stonehenge consists of a great collection of stones of immense size, which, from their being some erect, some reclining, but most of them lying upon the ground, seem to have form ed at one time an extensive building. They form a perfect ruin, a confused heap of standing and fallen stones, many of them squared and hewn by art. By com paring their relative situations, the shape and dimensions of the original structure can still be traced, which is supposed to have been a Druidical temple of enormous size. It is an object of great interest to the antiquary, and has excited more inquiry and speculation than any other ruin of the kind in Great Britain. But no important discoveries have been made within it; and its founders, the date of its erection, and the process by which such enormous masses of stone were conveyed to this desolate spot, and raised into their respective situations, are buried in profound obscurity. The total number of stones of which the structure was composed, appears to have been one hundred and nine. SALISBURY; a post-town, and capital of Rowan county, North Carolina, thirtyfour miles south-west of Salem. It contains the county buildings, an academy and a church. Population in 1830, 1613. Near this town there is a remarkable wall of stone, laid in cement, plastered on both sides, from 12 to 14 feet in height, and twenty-two inches thick. The length of what has been discovered is about 300 feet. The top of the wall approaches within one foot of the surface of the ground. A similar wall has been discovered about six miles distant, which is from four to five feet high, and seven inches thick. No definite information exists respecting their age and use. SALIVA; the fluid which is secreted by the salivary glands into the cavity of the mouth. The secretory organ is composed of three pair of salivary glands. The saliva is continually swallowed with or without masticated food, and some is also spit out. It has no color nor smell: it is tasteless, although it contains a little salt, to which the nerves of the tongue are accustomed. Its specific gravity is somewhat greater than that of water. The quantity of twelve pounds is supposed to be secreted in twelve hours. During mastication and speaking, the secretion is augmented, from the mechanical pressure of the muscles upon the salivary glands. Those who are hungry secrete a great quantity, from the sight of agreeable food. assists the spirituous fermentation of farinaceous substances; hence barbarous nations prepare an inebriating drink from chewed roots. Saliva appears to consist, in a healthy state of the body, of water, which constitutes at least four fifths of its bulk, mucilage, albumen, and saline substances. The use of the saliva is, 1. It augments the taste of the food, by the It evolution of sapid matter. 2. During mastication, it mixes with, dissolves, and resolves into its principles, the food, and changes it into a pultaceous mass, fit to be swallowed: hence it commences chymification. 3. It moderates thirst, by moistening the cavity of the mouth and fauces. Salkeld, LITTLE; a hamlet of England, in Cumberland; near which is a circle of stones, seventy-seven in number, each ten feet high. At the entrance is a single one fifteen feet high. These are called by the people Long Meg and her daughters. They are probably a Druidical work. Within the circle are two heaps of stones, under which dead bodies are supposed to have been buried. 285 miles north of London. SALLEE; a seaport on the western coast of Morocco, at the mouth of a river of the same name, formerly the great hold of Moorish piracy; and immense depredations were committed from it upon European commerce. The river, which for merly admitted large vessels, is now choked up with sand. Sallee has a battery of twenty-four pieces of cannon, which commands the road, and a redoubt that defends the entrance of the river. On the opposite side of the river stands Rabat, called often New Sallee. It has been chiefly frequented by Europeans, and contained once numerous factories belonging to them; but by order of the emperor, the trade has been transferred to Mogador. Lon. 6° 40′ W.; lat. 34° 3′ N. SALLUSTIUS, Caius Crispus, was born at Amiternum, a municipal city in the territory of the Sabines, in the year of Rome 668 (86 B. C.). His gay spirits and his fiery and restless disposition led him into many youthful excesses; yet it is not improbable that he was less corrupt than has been commonly represented. We ought also to take into consideration the prevailing state of morals at that time, when we sit in judgment on his faults. His faithful and vigorous descriptions of the moral depravity of the Romans plainly show that he was accurately acquainted with it. Through the favor of Cæsar, he was appointed pretor, and sent to Numidia, where he collected great treasures. When he returned to Rome, he played a conspicuous part, and in the latter part of his life appears to have reflected on the vices of his youth, and to have lived more moderately. His death took place in the year of Rome 719 (B. C. 35). During the period of his retirement, he made the history of his country his principal study. But, unfortunately, we have only a few fragments of the copious history which described the period from the death of Sylla to the conspiracy of Catiline. Two other historical writings of his have come down to us entire; one a description of the wars of the Romans against the crafty Jugurtha, the other of the conspiracy of Catiline. These are distinguished alike for their contents and their style. Sallust appears to have taken Thucydides as a model; but, in the opinion of Quinctilian, he far surpasses him. The style of Sallust is vigorous, pure, and often very eloquent; his thoughts possess dignity, strength, truth and clearness. The principal editions of this author are those of Corte, with a copious commentary (Leipsic, 1724), and Haverkamp (Amsterdam and Utrecht, 1742). SALLY. In the defence of a place, if particular reasons do not determine to the contrary, frequent sallies are beneficial, in order to keep the enemy at a distance; to destroy the works; to bring in, if possible, the means of subsistence from the surrounding country; to afford an easy entrance to men or arms; or to favor the operations of a friendly force without. Aided by such a force, they are often decisive against the besiegers. They are undertaken to the most advantage after midnight, in cloudy or rainy weather; but they must be so managed as to surprise the enemy, and, therefore, must be carried on with great secrecy; therefore the most resolute and faithful men are to be selected, and on going out all noise must be avoided. The object of the sally determines the number of soldiers; they are frequently accompanied by artillery and cavalry; they must in no case separate themselves too far from the fortification, to avoid being cut off, and, on their return, must neither obstruct the defence, nor occasion any confusion which may favor the attack of the enemy. By sallies with a small number of troops, the besieged often endeavor to entice the besiegers within the fire of the fortress, or to harass and exhaust them. A commander of a fortress will make use of sallies as long as he is able, as the best means of defence. SALLYPORT; a large port on each quarter of a fireship, out of which the officers and crew make their escape into the boats as soon as the train is fired. SALM. Previously to the French revolution, there were two counties of this name, that of Upper Sahn, chiefly in Lorraine, and that of Lower Salm, chiefly in |