for instance, press their noses firmly together. In one of the larger Cyclades, persons reciprocally moisten each other's hair; and the Franks are said to have pulled out a hair and presented it to the person saluted. The Turk crosses his hands, places them upon his breast, and bows. The salutation of the Hindoos in Bengal consists in touching the forehead with the righthand, and bending the head forwards. They first place the right hand on the breast with a profound inclination, then touch the ground, and finally the forehead with the same hand. At the same time, they call themselves the most humble slaves of him whom they salute. The inhabitants of the Manillas bend the body profoundly, place their hands upon their cheeks, raise one leg, and bend the knee. The inhabitants of Lamurzec, in the Pelew islands, seize the hand, or even the foot of the person whom they wish to salute, and rub their face with it. In the island of Sumatra, the saluting person bows, begs the left foot of him whom he addresses, kneels on the ground, and applies this foot to his crown, forehead, breast and knee: finally, he touches the ground with his head, and remains for some moments stretched out on his belly. The salutations in the East generally bear the stamp of a slavish mind. The very ancient custom of throwing one's self on the ground before persons of distinction, and repeatedly kissing their feet, has continued to the present time. At an entertainment in Persia, the host goes a considerable distance to meet his guests, bids them welcome with the most respectful compliments, then returns hastily to the door of his house, and waits their arrival to repeat the same demonstrations of respect. In China, if two persons meet on horseback, the inferior in rank dismounts from his horse before the superior, and remains standing until he has passed. Some salutations are also peculiar to men, and others to women. When acquaintances meet, they join their hands upon their breasts, or above their heads, bend their head a little, and say Tsin, sin-a compliment without any particular signification. In saluting persons to whom they owe more respect, they clap their hands, then raise them, and finally let them sink down to the ground. Friends who meet after a long separation, fall repeatedly upon their knees, and bend their heads to the ground, exclaiming, at the same time, Na fo? (Has all passed happily ?) or, Yung fo (Happiness is painted upon thy countenance). Women salute each other with the words

Van fo (May all happiness be with you); but they are not allowed to salute men. Children fall on their knees before their parents, and servants before their master or mistress. In Japan, the inferior of two persons saluting takes off his sandals, puts his right hand into his left sleeve, permits his hands, thus crossed, to sink slowly upon his knee, passes the other person with short, measured steps, and a rocking motion of the body, and exclaims, with a fearful countenance, Augh! augh! (Do not hurt me!) In Siam, the inferior throws himself on the ground before his superior. The latter then sends one of his attendants, who are very numerous in the case of persons of distinction, to examine whether he has eaten, or carries with him any thing of an offensive smell. If this is the case, he receives a kick from the superior, and is compelled to retire immediately; if otherwise, the servant lifts him up. Women, even when advanced in age, are saluted with the names of the most beautiful and most precious objects, but not without the additional word young; as "young diamond," "young gold," "young heaven," "young flower," &c. If friends wish to express their mutual attachment, they scratch their hand slightly, and reciprocally suck a drop of bloodfrom the wound. In Ceylon, when persons salute, they raise the palm of the hand to the forehead, and make a low bow. Before a superior they throw themselves upon the ground, continually repeating his name and dignity, while the superior very gravely passes on, and hardly deigns to utter a word of reply. The greeting of the common Arabian is Salam aleikum (Peace be with you),-a salutation which has been long in use among the Jews. At the same time, he places his left hand upon his breast, as a sign that this wish comes from his heart. The reply is, Aleikum essálam (With you be peace). But Arabians of distinction embrace each other two or three times, kiss each other's cheeks, and inquire two or three times after each other's health; at the same time, each kisses his own hand. The Arabians of the Desert shake hands six or eight times. In Yemen, persons of distinction, after a long refusal, allow their fingers to be kissed. The Abyssinians and other nations fall on their knees, and kiss the ground. Several negro nations take each other's hands, and pull the fingers till they crack. The negroes of Sierra Leone bend the right elbow, so that the hand touches the mouth; the person saluted does the same; they then put their thumb

and fore-finger together, and withdraw them slowly. Other negroes snap their fingers in meeting each other, pull the comb out of their hair, and replace it. In Lower Guinea, the saluting person seizes the fingers of the saluted, brings them into a particular position, presses them, cracks them hastily, calling, Akkio, akkio (Thy servant, thy servant). On the Gold coast of Upper Guinea, friends embrace each other, join the fore-fingers of their right hands until they crack, bend their heads, repeating Auzi, auzi (Good day, good day). Persons of distinction, after cracking the fingers, exclaim, Bere, bere (Peace, peace). If the Mandingoes salute a female, they take her hand, raise it to their nose, and smell it twice. Mr. Snellgrave, an Englishman, with his companions, was saluted by a messenger of the king of Dahomey, attended by 500 negro soldiers, in a very novel manner. The officers of the corps approached their English guests with drawn swords, which they brandished over their heads with curious gesticulations and motions. They then placed their swords upon their bodies, and, after a repetition of these ceremonies, the messenger presented them his hand, and drank to their health. In Morocco, foreigners are saluted by the Moors, on horseback, in a manner which may well startle those not accustomed to it. The Moor rides full speed towards the stranger, as if about to run him down; he then suddenly stops, and discharges his pistol over the head of the person. Persons of equal rank salute each other nearly in the European way. They shake hands, and kiss each other's face and beard, particularly if they are friends. The Egyptians extend their hands, place them upon their breast, and bend their heads. The greatest act of politeness is to kiss their own hand, and afterwards place it upon their heads. They only kiss the hand of men of distinction, not of women. Inferior officers hold the stirrup of their superiors, mounting on horseback. In the divan, the inferior takes off the slipper of the superior, places it by his side, and receives the same salutation from the latter. In other countries of Africa, people take off their clothes, fall on their knees, bend their heads to the ground, and cover their head and shoulders with sand. The Ethiopians seize the right hand of him for whom they wish to show respect, and raise it to their mouth. They even take his sash and tie it round their waist, so that he remains for some time half naked. The salutations between the different tribes in the north-west of

America are very ceremonious. If two hordes of these savages meet, they stop at the distance of twenty or thirty steps, throw themselves on the ground, and remain for some moments in this position. The two eldest of each party then advance and relate very circumstantially the dangers they have encountered. As soon as they have finished their relations, they all begin to sigh. These sighs are finally changed into a horrible yell, in which the young girls, particularly, endeavor to surpass the others of the tribe. With these affecting manifestations of sympathy both parties approach, but each sex separately. Tobacco pipes are handed about, and their affliction is soon changed into merriment. The manner in which the inhabitants of South America salute each other, is short. Their address is, Ama re ka (Thou); and the answer, A (Yes). The savage of Louisiana territory, when saluting a person of distinction, begins a loud howl. In the hut he repeats the salutation, holding his hands above his head, and howling three times. He returns thanks with another howl, when the superior invites him, with a low sigh, to sit down. In Otaheite, and particularly in the Society and Friendly islands, persons touch the ends of each other's noses. This salutation is returned by each rubbing the hand of the other on his own nose and mouth. The Otaheitan presents a person whom he chooses for a friend, sometimes with a part of his dress, sometimes with the whole. The inhabitants of New Guinea cover their heads with leaves. This action is also regarded as a sign of peace.

SALUZZO; formerly a marquisate, which, after a long dispute between France and Savoy, was finally confirmed to the latter (1601), in exchange for Bresse and Bugey. It lay between Dauphiny and Nizza, and now forms a province of the Sardinian monarchy. The capital, of the same name, lies near the Po, and has a population of 10,150. The house of the marquises of Saluzzo was celebrated in the middle ages, and there are at present branches of it in France (Saluces), Naples, and Austria.

SALVADOR, ST., or BAYAMO; a town of Cuba, near the southern coast, 520 miles. south-east of Havana, on the right bank of the river Bayamo, which forms a port at its mouth. The town is about twenty miles distant from the port. Lon. 76° 55'; lat. 20° 23. Population, 7486; 2875 of which are whites, 3139 free persons of color, and 1472 slaves.

SALVADOR, ST. (See Bahia.)

who looked upon them as unclean, on account of their mixture with heathens; and the Samaritans revenged themselves by hindering the building of the city and temple. Hence the hatred which prevailed between the Jews and Samaritans, which, in the time of Jesus, when the latter were confined to a narrow strip of country between Judæa and Galilee, prevented all intercourse between them, and still continues. Having never become independent, the Samaritans have shared the fate of the country which they inhabit, and have suffered so much from the oppressions of the Turks, that not only the colonies of them in Egypt (which were in a flourishing condition in the seventeenth century) are now extinct, but the number of them in Naplousa (the ancient Sichem), and in Jaffa, the only places which contain Samaritans, was, according to De Sacy, not more than 200 in 1811. In their religious opinions and usages, they resemble those Jews, particularly the Caraites, who reject the Talmud, and differ from the rabbinical Jews, in receiving only the Pentateuch and book of Joshua, and in rejecting all the other portions of the Bible, as well as the Talmud, and rabbini-cal traditions. In their manners, rites, and religious ceremonies, they adhere strictly to the Mosaic law. Instead of the temple at Jerusalem, they worship on mount Gerizim, in Samaria, where, in more prosperous times, they celebrated their festivals, and offered sacrifices. The worship of one God, circumcision, the purifications, and feasts (except the Purim and the feast of the dedication), they have in common with the Jews. They believe in the existence of angels, in a resurrection, and future retribution, and expect the coming of a Messiah, in whom they look only for a prophet. Their priests are of the tribe of Levi, and are treated as superiors. On account of their poverty, their only sacrifice is a lamb, on the feast of Pentecost.. In the synagogue, the Aramaic Samaritan dialect is used, but they generally speak Arabic, and they are distinguished by a white turban. They support themselves by mechanical labor and by money dealings. They avoid any connexions with other sects, and marry only among their own nation. Each man is allowed two wives on his first marriage; but on the death of one of them, he cannot marry again. In case both of them die, he is suffered to have one wife. This remnant of a declining race possesses one of the oldest, if not the oldest manuscript of the Pentateuch known to be extant. (See Bible.)

SAMIEL. (See Simoom.)

SAMNITES; the inhabitants of the ancient province of Samnium, in Lower Italy, bordering on the country of the Peligni, Marsi, Campanians, Lucanians, and Apulians. In early times, they occupied the largest part of that country. They are described in Roman history as a people fond of war and of liberty, who were brought_completely under the Roman yoke, after long and bloody wars, which continued, with a few interruptions, nearly 70 years. The first hostilities between the two states commenced in the year of Rome 411, when the Campanians, oppressed by the powerful Samnites, sought the aid of Rome. Valerius Corvus, the Roman consul, marched against the Samnites, and forced them to retreat, after a bloody engagement, to their own borders. At the same time, another Roman army had invaded the country of the Samnites, and, after a doubtful contest, gained the victory by the heroic decision of the young Publius Decius Mus. The vanquished nation was obliged to sue for peace; but maintained it only till they recovered from their defeat. For in the year 426 a new war broke out, more bloody than the preceding, which was prosecuted the more obstinately, as the other states in Lower Italy came to the aid of the Samnites. Though the Romans were generally victorious, yet in the year 433, their army becoming involved in a narrow pass near the city of Caudium, and being surrounded on every side by the forces of the enemy, was obliged to submit to the disgrace of passing under the yoke. The senate, however, rejected the peace concluded with the enemy by the captive consuls, delivered up the authors of it to the Samnites, and sent other commanders to prosecute the war. The valiant Papirius Cursor succeeded in revenging the disgrace which his countrymen had suffered by inflicting a similar ignominy upon the enemy. The war was still prosecuted with fury; for the Samnites were vigorously supported by their neighbors, who feared the power of Rome; and even Pyrrhus, the warlike king of Epirus, at the entreaty of the afflicted city of Tarentum, took up arms against the Romans. But the consuls, Papirius Cursor, Q. Fabius Maximus, Pub. Decius Mus, Curius Dentatus, Caius Luscinius Fabricius and others, triumphed repeatedly over the enemy, who fought with desperation; and, after the most fatal defeats, and the entire devastation of their country, the Samnites, to

gether with the other nations which had assisted them, found themselves obliged to sue for peace. In 482, they obtained it. When the Italian allies of Rome revolted against her, in the time of Sylla, the Samnites once more rose against their oppressors, and fought with desperation. But Sylla entirely subdued them, and commanded that every Samnite should be put to death. Three days after the battle, he ordered 4000 of them, who had been taken prisoners, to be put to death, on the Campus Martius. The few that remained lived from that time scattered in villages. The Samnites cultivated various arts and manufactures; for the proximity of the refined Greeks in Lower Italy had a very beneficial influence upon them. Even their laws and constitution were borrowed in a great degree from the Greeks. Their form of government was democratic. At the commencement of a war they were accustomed to choose a common general.

SAMOGITIA; a country of Europe, bounded by Courland, Prussia, and Lithuania, formerly a province of Poland, now forming the government of Wilna, in Russia. It was the first of the Polish provinces incorporated with Russia, that raised the standard of insurrection in 1831. (See Russia.)

SAMOIDES. (See Samoyedes.)
SAMOOM. (See Simoom.)

SAMOS, a Grecian island in the Archipelago, opposite to the ruins of Ephesus and the promontory of Mycale, the birthplace of Pythagoras, as is generally supposed, was the most important and powerful island of the Ionians. From the reign of Polycrates, 566 B. C., this island is celebrated in history for the worship of Juno, who was born here, and was also distinguished for its skilful seamen and enterprising merchants, who even sailed as far as the mouth of the Guadalquiver through the Pillars of Hercules (now the straits of Gibraltar). The fleets of the rich Samians often made the Persians tremble. At Samos were first cast statues in bronze. Samos lost the last shadow of republican freedom under the reign of the emperor Vespasian (70 A. D.). In the middle ages, this island was alternately governed by the Arabs, Venetians, Genoese, and Turks: to the latter it finally became tributary, under an aga of the capudan pacha. It is 175 square miles in extent, very fruitful and mountainous, and besides the capital city, Cora, near which the ancient Samos and the temple of Juno (Heræum) lie in ruins

(now called the Columns), it contains three other cities, Vahti, Carlovassi, and Fournis. During the Greek revolution, owing to the many refugees from Natolia, Scio, Ipsara, and other places, the island contained about 50,000 Greek inhabitants (where there were formerly only 12,000). Near Samos lies the island of Icaria (Nícari), inhabited by 300 Greeks. This island is celebrated as being the place near which Icarus, the son of Dædalus (q. v.), fell into the sea, and where his dead body floated on shore; whence the name. In 1821, the inhabitants of Samos took up arms at the report of the execution of the patriarch. They fortified the harbors on the Little Bogas, to guard against an attack from the coasts of Natolia, and soon collected about 10,000 men. From that time the Samians continually attacked the neighboring coasts of Asia, and Scala Nuova in particular. July 16, 1821, the island was attacked by the Turks, but without success. The Turks, in August, 1824, again made a more furious attack; but the Greek fleet, commanded by Miaulis, repulsed the Turkish.-Samos has lately been visited by an earthquake of an extraordinary nature, that produced a large opening in one of the highest mountains of the island, from which suddenly issued an enormous torrent of water, overflowing the country, and making its way to the sea. By degrees, the inundation subsided, and terminated in forming a river, which has its source at the opening formed in the mountain.

SAMOTHRACE; an island in the Ægean sea, not far from Lemnos, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the Trojan territory, and celebrated for its mysteries (q.v.), the priests of which were at first the Cabiri (q. v.), and afterwards the Dioscuri. An initiation into these mysteries was supposed to have efficacy in preserving persons from dangers by sea; and it is related of the Argonauts, that, at the suggestion of Orpheus, who was one of the initiated, they were landed at Samothrace. Over these mysteries there rests an impenetrable obscurity, which also extends to the deities that were revered. It appears certain that the Egyptian and Phoenician religious rites and ceremonies were afterwards united and mingled with those of the Greeks, and that, still later, the religious worship of the Samothracians was introduced into Etruria, although the names of the divinities were changed. Nevertheless, out of respect for its mysteries, this island enjoyed, even under the Roman dominion, a certain degree of freedom; and, even after