SCHÄFER, Godfrey Henry, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Leipsic in 1764, entered the university in 1781, and enjoyed the philological instructions of Ernesti, Reiz, and Beck. In 1796, appeared his edition of Athenæus, which was followed by the Opera Moralia of Plutarch, an edition of Herodotus, and several other works. In 1806, his Meletemata critica in Dionysii Hal. Artem rhetoricam procured him the privilege of lecturing. In 1808, he was appointed professor extraordinary of philosophy, and, in 1818, librarian of the university. Besides numerous classical works, Greek and Latin, the publication of which he has superintended, he has published an improved edition of Bos's Ellipses, and contributed many notes and remarks to the recent London edition of Stephens' Thesaurus, of which he corrected the proofs; Ammonius de Different. Verborum Affinium (1822); Phalaris Epistola (Leipsic, 1823); a revision of Reiske's Demosthenes (London, 1822, seq.), and an improved edition of Plutarch's Lives (1830), are among his more recent labors. In some cases he has merely given a corrected impression of standard texts, in others corrected readings, while to some of the authors he has added valuable commentaries.

SCHAFFHAUSEN; one of the smallest of the twenty-two cantons of Switzerland, in the northern part of which it lies, on the right bank of the Rhine, nearly surround ed by Baden, and separated by the Rhine from the cantons of Zürich and Thurgau, on the south. Its superficial extent is 115 square miles; population, 28,050, in seven towns and thirty-five villages, all Reformed (Calvinists), except 210 Catholics. (See Switzerland.) The capital, of the same name, on the right bank of the Rhine, has a population of 7000 souls. Lon. 8° 37 E.; lat. 47° 43′ N. It has a castle, a college (collegium humanitatis), with nine professors, a gymnasium, a town library, theological library, townhall, &c., and manufactures of cotton, silk and leather. It is situated about a league above the celebrated cataract of the Rhine, of which the descent is seventy or eighty feet. (See Rhine, and Cataract.) The situation of the town gives it a considerable transit trade, all goods brought down the river being landed here. There is a wooden bridge here over the Rhine, 120 paces long; but the ingenious hanging bridge, which was built in 1758, was destroyed by the French in 1799.

SCHANDAU; a small town in the centre of Saxon Switzerland (q. v.), two leagues from the Bohemian frontier, with 1000 in

habitants. It is much visited in summer, on account of its charming situation, the beautiful scenery in its neighborhood, and its mineral waters.

SCHARNHORST, Gebhard David von ; born in 1756, at Hämelsee, in Hanover. His father, in consequence of being embroiled in a lawsuit, was deprived of the means of giving him a good education; and young Scharnhorst was sent to a village school, where he remained till his fifteenth year. A few works on the seven years' war, and the Austrian war of succession, and more particularly the narratives of an invalid soldier, inspired him with a passion for the military life. To be at some future period a sergeant in command of an outpost, was at this time his ideal of felicity. At length his father gained his protracted suit, and with it an estate; and young Scharnhorst was received into the military school of count William of Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg. He subsequently entered the Hanoverian service, and soon distinguished himself by several excellent military works. In 1780, he was appointed teacher in the military school at Hanover. In 1793, he was made captain of horse artillery. In 1794, he distinguished himself so much under general Hammerstein, that George III gave him a sword of honor, and made him major. The duke of Brunswick recommended him to the king of Prussia, who appointed him lieutenant-colonel. In 1804, he was made colonel; in 1807, major-general; and, in 1813, lieutenant-general. In the unfortunate battle of Auerstädt he was wounded twice; yet he took part in the battle of Eylau. (q. v.) After the peace of Tilsit, he was appointed president of the committee for the reorganization of the army, and here displayed great talents, giving the whole army a totally new constitution and spirit. He was equally practical and scientific. He infused into the army a truly national feeling. When Prussia rose en masse, in 1813, it was chiefly Scharnhorst who contrived, by means of the corps of volunteers, and the landwehr (q. v.), as well as by having previously disciplined many more men than the peace of Tilsit authorized Prussia to keep in actual service, to arm ali persons capable of doing military duty. In the spring of 1813, he was chief of the staff in the army under Blücher, in Saxony. In the battle of Lützen, his leg was severely wounded; and, not allowing himself necessary rest, but setting out too soon for Vienna, to gain over the emperor of Austria to the cause of the allies, he

died, June 28, 1813, at Prague. His statue stands in the King's square, in Berlin. SCHAUENBURG, or SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, (See Lippe.)

SCHEELE, Charles William, a celebrated chemist, who contributed greatly to the improvement of the science which he cultivated, born at Stralsund, in Sweden, in 1742, was apprenticed to an apothecary at Gottenburg. He became his own instructer in chemistry, went to Upsal in 1773, where his abilities introduced him to the notice of professor Bergmann, and was admitted an associate of the academy. He subsequently became director of a pharmaceutical establishment at Kioping, where he continued to the close of his life, in 1786. He discovered the fluoric acid, and the acids of tungsten and molybden; and his experiments on barytes, chlorine, various animal and vegetable acids, on the composition of water, and several other subjects, are in the highest degree important.

SCHEEREN; the rocks on the coasts of Sweden and Finland, particularly those situated before Stockholm, which extend from seventy to eighty miles into the sea. The Scheeren fleet protects the entrance into the harbor, and consists of flat vessels, able to sail in shallow water.

SCHEERERITE; a newly discovered mineral species, of a combustible nature, found in a bed of brown coal near St. Gall, in Switzerland. It exists in loosely aggregated, whitish, feebly-shining, pearly, crystalline grains and folia. It is rather heavier than water, does not feel greasy, is very friable, and destitute of taste. It melts at 36° R. into a colorless liquid, in which state it resembles a fat oil. It seems to be a mineral naphthaline.

SCHEIK. (See Sheik.)

SCHELDT, OF SCHELDE (anciently Scaldis, French Escaut); a river which rises in the French department of the Aisne, becomes navigable at Condé, and enters the kingdom of Belgium at St. Antring. At Ghent it receives the Lys; and it is further increased by two great canals which form a communication between Ghent, Bruges, and Sas. After passing by Dendermonde, where it receives the Dender, Aupelmonde, where the Aupel, formed by the junction of the Dyle and the two Nethes, empties into it, and Antwerp, where it is 1600 feet wide, it divides, eighteen miles below the latter city, into two great branches, the East and West Scheldt. The latter takes the name of Hondt, and empties into the North sea at Flushing. Both arms are connected with the Meuse

and Rhine. The principal places on the Scheldt are Cambray, Valenciennes, Condé, Tournay, Oudenarde, Ghent, Dendermonde, Antwerp, and Flushing. In 1784, the navigation of the Scheldt became a subject of dispute between Austria (then in possession of Belgium) and the Dutch republic. The subject was amicably settled by the mediation of the king of France, Austria renouncing her pretensions to the free navigation of the river, in consideration of some cessions, and the payment of a sum of money by Holland. (See Netherlands, Appendix to last volume.)

SCHELLING, Frederic William Joseph von, one of the most distinguished philosophers of Germany, was born at Leonberg, in Würtemberg, in 1775, studied at Leipsic and Jena, in which latter university he was a pupil of Fichte, whom he succeeded as professor there. Some years since, he was made secretary of the academy of fine arts at Munich, and was ennobled by the king of Bavaria. In 1820, he went to Erlangen,and delivered lectures at the university in that city. In 1827, he was appointed a professor in the university at Munich. His works are, On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy in general (Tübingen, 1795); Contributions towards a Philosophy of Nature (first edition, Tübingen, 1795); Of the Soul of the World, a Hypothesis of the higher Natural Philosophy, for the Explanation of the general Organization of Things (Hamburg, 1798); First Sketch of the Philosophy of Nature (Jena, 1799); System of Transcendental Idealism (Tűbingen, 1800); Lectures on the Method of Academical Study (Tübingen, second edition, 1814; first edition 1803); Bruno, or On the Divine and Natural Principle of Things (Berlin, 1802); Philosophy and Religion (Tübingen, 1804); his Complete Philosophical Writings, of which the first volume only has yet appeared (Landshut, 1809); On the I (Ego), as a Principle of Philosophy, or On the Unconditional in Human Knowledge (first edition, Tübingen, 1795); Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism (in the Philosophical Journal of Niethammer, Jena, 1796); a discourse on the Relation of the Fine Arts to Nature, delivered in 1807, at the festival of the baptism of the king of Bavaria; his General Periodical, by and for Germans, of which but three numbers appeared (Nuremberg, 1813); Representation of the True Relation of the Philosophy of Nature to the improved Doctrine of Fichte (Tübingen, 1806). Of late,

Schelling has also occupied himself with mythological inquiries, a fruit of which is his Treatise on the Deities of Samothrace (Tübingen, 1816). To give a view of the philosophy of Schelling within our limits is impossible. It would require great minuteness of explanation, both of his phraseology and his ideas, and could not be made intelligible, in a limited space, to one who had not a previous knowledge of other German philosophical systems. His system, moreover, has not yet been presented to the public in a connected form, although he has promised so to exhibit it, in a work to be called the Ages of the World. The part of it as yet most developed, is the philosophy of nature; the least developed part is the ethical. His influence upon various branches of German science has been very great. Among those who have carried out his philosophy of nature, are Steffens, Troxler, Oken (q. v.), Kielmayer, Windischmann, Baader, Kieser, C. E. Schelling, Schubert, Nasse, Burdach, Creuzer, Solger, Görres, Daub, Hegel, &c. Hegel, at a later period, pursued a course of his own, and adopted a dialectic method in philosophy. Other writers have labored on other parts of Schelling's system.

SCHEMNITZ (Hungarian, Selmecz-Banya; Sclavonic, Stjawnitza); a royal free city of Hungary, in the county of Honth, eighty miles east of Presburg; lon. 18° 54' E., lat. 48° 48 N; population, with the suburbs, 20,211. It stands in the midst of the most picturesque scenery, a few miles from the Raab, and contains some good houses, and tolerably wide streets, though irregularly built, on account of the unevenness of the surface. The mines of Schemnitz are the most extensive in Hungary, and are hardly surpassed by any in Europe. In eighteen mines, 8000 workmen are employed. The yearly value of the products is nearly one million dollars. The chief metals are gold, silver, and lead, combined with copper and arsenic. The whole of the mining works are the property of the government. The extent of ground containing the ores is about six miles square, and includes the town, most of which is undermined.Schemnitz has a castle, one Lutheran and four Catholic churches, a Lutheran gymnasium, and a mining academy, which has a director, five professors, and about 150 students. The course of education is completed in three years. The greatest amount of gold was produced in the year 1690, which yielded 1872 marks, or 132,428 ducats. The value of the gold and silver

obtained from 1740 to 1773, was thirty million dollars.

SCHENECTADY; a city of New York, on the south-east side of the Mohawk, fifteen and a half miles from Albany. It is regularly laid out in streets and squares. The Erie canal passes through it; and it contains the county buildings, the buildings of Union college, and the usual variety of dwelling houses, school houses, houses of worship, shops and offices. Population in 1830, 4256. It is a pleasant and flourishing town, and is distinguished for the enterprise of its inhabitants. Union college, in this city, was incorporated in 1794. It is a highly respectable institution; has 10 instructers, 205 students, 5150 volumes in its library, and 8450 in the students' libraries. The commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in July. The whole number of alumni in 1831 was 1373.

SHERZO (an Italian word signifying joke, jest), in music; generally applied to a passage of a sportive character in musical pieces of some length; e. g., to symphonies, quartettos, &c. Beethoven has made it a common part of the symphony, and it has taken the place of the minuet. (q. v.)

SCHIAVONE, Andrea, an eminent painter of the Venetian school, whose true name was Medola, his surname (the Sclavonian) being derived from his birth place, was born at Sebenico, in Dalmatia, in 1522. His parents, who were in humble circumstances, placed him with a house-painter, at Venice, where, at his leisure hours, he studied the works of Parmegiano, Giorgione, and Titian. The latter took him under his care, and soon after employed him in the library of St. Mark, where he is said to have painted three entire ceilings. He was accounted one of the finest colorists of the Venetian school. Two of his compositions are in the church of the Padri Teatini, at Rimini, representing the nativity and the assumption of the Virgin. His Perseus and Andromeda, and the Apostles at the Sepulchre, are in the royal collection at Windsor. He died at Venice in 1582.

SCHICHT, John Gottfried, one of the most scientific musicians and composers of sacred music, was born in 1753, near Zittau, in Saxony, and was the son of a poor weaver. In 1776, he went to the university of Leipsic to study law, but soon devoted himself entirely to music. In 1810, he was appointed to superintend the music in the two chief churches at Leipsic. He studied the theory of music with great zeal and success, and composed several beau

tiful pieces. Among his numerous works is his universal hymn-book, which contains 1285 melodies, including 306 of his own publication, by Härtel, at Leipsic. Several of his compositions are celebrated. He died in 1823.

SCHILL, Ferdinand von, a Prussian cavalry officer, who distinguished himself by his daring expedition against the French, was born in 1773, in Silesia. He was wounded in the battle of Auerstädt, and took refuge in Colberg (q. v.), where he essentially contributed to save this fortress-the only Prussian one which, in 1806 and 1807, escaped capture. He collected more than 1000 fugitives, and performed the boldest exploits; to reward which, the king made him a major, after the peace of Tilsit. His entry into Berlin, the next year, resembled a triumph: the inhabitants considered it an honor to quarter his soldiers in their houses. Schill burned to meet the French in the field. In 1809, when the Tyrolese rose (see Hofer), Dörnberg labored to excite an insurrection in Hessia; and Schill was secretly instigated (not by the king, nor the government) to rise. He marched, April 28, with his regiment, out of Berlin, as he had done on many previous days, for the purpose of exercise. But this time he did not return. He marched towards the Elbe. Here he found that he had mistaken the disposition of the Saxons. In Halle, he was informed of Napoleon's decisive victories at Tann, Abensberg, Eckmühl and Ratisbon. Dornberg's insurrection had miscarried. Schill called his officers together, and they agreed to proceed in their enterprise. May 5, he fought at Dodendorf with the Westphalians. He strove to reach East Friesland. Ten thousand francs were offered for his head, by the king of Westphalia. He now tried to reach the Baltic, probably to obtain support from the English. After some conflicts, he took Stralsund, and fortified it in haste. May 31, Stralsund was taken by Dutch troops, after a desperate defence. Schill himself fell, with many of his brave followers, fighting for a long time in the streets. Twelve officers were taken here and at Dodendorf, and shot at Wesel: the men were sent to the French galleys. A part of his troops forced their way into the open country, and compelled the enemy to allow them a free passage to the Prussian frontier, where a Prussian court-martial broke the officers, and sent them to a fortress. Though Schill's enterprise miscarried, it had an electrifying

effect on the Prussians.

SCHILLER, John Christopher Frederic von, was born Nov. 10, 1759, at Marbach, a town of Würtemberg, on the Neckar. His father, originally a surgeon in the army, was afterwards a captain, and finally superintendent of a nursery of trees attached to a castle of the duke of Würtemberg. His parents were pious and upright; and if his early education did not afford much opportunity for the developement of his genius, by intercourse with men of talents, or by a wide field of observation, it was eminently calculated to awaken that sensibility the good and the true, which forms so essential a trait in his character; and his early acquaintance with the Bible, making him familiar with the poetical passages of the Old Testament, contributed to develope his poetical genius. The visions of Ezekiel early excited a great interest in him. When a child, he always manifested an affectionate disposition, and was devotedly attached to his parents, and his sister. He loved, at a very early period, to repeat the sermon which he had heard at church on Sunday. He would stand on a chair and preach with great zeal, never omitting the divisions which the minister had made in his discourse. His charitable disposition manifested itself early, and never left him. For a long time, he wished to study theology; although a brilliant tragedy, which he had seen performed on the stage at Stuttgard when he was nine years old, strongly attracted his attention towards the drama. His first poem is said to have been written the day before his confirmation, in 1772. He had, till this time, received instruction at a good Latin school, in order to prepare himself for the university, as his father strove to procure for him the benefits of a good education, though his own had been neglected. At this time, Charles, duke of Würtemberg, having become weary of parade and dissipation, turned his thoughts to an object of a better character, though still a whim of a petty prince, viz. the establishment of a school on a militarymonastic plan, where no effort should be spared to give the pupils the best education of which he could conceive. The duke sought for pupils among the sons of his officers, and offered to take young Schiller. His father could not well refuse such an offer; and, in 1773, Schiller was received into the Charles-school, sacrificing his own inclinations to the interest of his parents. He studied jurisprudence at this institution, in which the pupils were kept so entirely separate from the

world, that they were permitted to see no females, except their mothers or very young sisters, who visited them on Sundays. Thus the influences, under which Schiller's talents were developed, were precisely opposite to those which operated on Göthe. (q. v.) The plan of the school was afterwards extended, and medicine allowed to be studied in it; and the school itself was transferred to Stuttgard. Schiller now seized on the opportunity offered, and, in 1775, began to study medicine and Latin zealously. His teachers did not all consider him as possessing uncommon talents; but the duke used to say, "Let that boy alone; he will come to something." When 16 years old, he published a translation of part of Virgil's Eneid in hexameters, in a Suabian periodical; but poetry was a forbidden fruit for him and his companions, and attracted them, therefore, the more. Some poetical books found their way, by stealth, into the school-the works of Klopstock, Gerstenberg, Göthe and Lessing. In 1773, Schiller began an epic, the hero of which was Moses; but he destroyed it at a later period. Shakspeare kindled in him a passion for the drama. He undertook two dramatic compositions, which he afterwards burned. Only some passages of one were retained in the Robbers. For two years he studied medicine very ardently, and wrote a Latin treatise On the Philosophy of Physiology, which was never printed. In 1777, at the age of 18 years, he began to write his Robbers-a composition with many striking faults; but which, nevertheless, awakens a powerful interest. Schiller himself says of it, that "he dared to describe men long before he knew any thing of them within his grated cell;" but, notwithstanding this, it contains some deep views and admirable displays of character. In 1780, when he had finished his studies, he wrote a treatise, entitled Essay on the Connexion of the Animal and Intellectual Nature of Man, printed in 1821, in the Monatschrift of Berlin. In the same year, he was appointed physician to a regiment in Stuttgard. Whilst in the school, he had been able to compose only by stealth, and had often reported himself sick, in order to have the use of the lamp in the sick-room, while writing his Robbers, not being allowed a light in his own room. Now he enjoyed, for the first time, some degree of liberty. His Robbers was printed at his own expense, as he could not find any publisher who would take the risk; and, in 1781, he was requested to change the.

play in certain particulars, so as to adapt it for the stage at Manheim. In 1782, it was performed at Manheim, Schiller having willingly made changes wherever he could be convinced that they were improvements. Not being able to obtain leave of absence, to go out of the limits of the state, he left his regiment without permission, saw his piece performed, and returned with the deepest conviction of the unfitness of his present situation for his talents; particularly as the duke had asked him, after the publication of the Robbers, to show him all his poetical productions, and, upon his refusal, had prohibited him from publishing any thing more, except medical works. In 1783, the Robbers was performed again at Manheim, and he again attended the performance, but, this time, was discovered, and put under arrest. During his detention, he formed the plan of his Cabale und Liebe, and conceived the idea of his Conspiracy of Fiesco. He was now convinced that he must leave Stuttgard, unless he should choose to sacrifice his poetry, the charm of his life; but how could he quit the army, when he had so long enjoyed an education at the public expense? It was not probable that the duke would allow him to go. Some friends proposed to him to propitiate the duke by a panegyrical poem; but, much as he wished to gain his favor, chiefly on account of his beloved parents, he could not bring himself to use these means; besides, he knew that even if the duke should allow him to print poetry again, there was no safety in the exercise of the privilege. Schubart (q.v.) was sighing on Hohenasperg, on account of his Fürstengruft, in which he had painted, in strong colors, the burial-place of princes. He now thought of deserting, but the feeling of gratitude towards the duke, and the fear that his father, who, with his family, altogether depended upon the duke, would be made to suffer on his account, caused a great struggle in his mind. At last, the impossibility of living without poetry made him resolve to quit his situation. In 1782, he went, under an assumed name, to Franconia, where he was received by the mother of some gentlemen who had studied with him. He lived in great solitude, in a somewhat wild country, in a village called Bauerbach, in order to remain concealed and secure against the possible persecutions of the duke. In this situation he finished his Fiesco and Cabale und Liebe. In 1783, he went to Manheim, and conceived the idea of Don Carlos and