age. He lingered for some time in this condition, and died, professing great penitence for his misspent life, July 26, 1680. His poetical works, some of which are of the most disgusting description, have been frequently printed. A few of his poems are of a better description, especially his poem on Nothing, and his lampoon upon sir Carr Scroope, which exhibit some vigor, with careless versification. His satire on Man is little more than a translation from Boileau. (See his Life by bishop Burnet, and Johnson's Lives of the Poets.) ROCHESTER, in the western part of New York; lat. 43° 15′ north; lon. 77° 51' west, on both sides of Genesee river; seven miles from lake Ontario; two from steam-boat navigation; 217 west of Albany; 75 east of Buffalo ;-shortest mail routes, and, by canal, 269 west of Albany; 94 east of Buffalo.Corporate limits. Two square miles, including parts of the towns of Gates and Brighton. Population, with suburbs, in 1815, 331; in 1820, 1502; in 1825, 4274; in 1826, 7669; in 1828, 10,818; in 1832, 12,000 souls, chiefly from New England. The public buildings are a court-house, gaol, two markets, ten churches, and one high-school edifice.-Public works. Canal aqueduct of stone, 804 feet long, on eleven arches, iron railed; three milldams with side courses; three bridges over the river, and fourteen over the canal; three miles of stone sewers under the streets, of three by one and a half feet in the clear, in some of which, water flows from the canal, affording, at suitable points, reservoirs for fire-engines; pebble stone pavements on several streets; about ten miles of brick and stone flagging upon side-walks; about sixty public streets and twenty public alleys, the principal ones lighted at public expense; and harbor-piers are constructing by the U. States. The religious societies are twelve, and there are seventeen benevolent societies. The literary institutions are the Franklin institute, the Rochester Athenæum; the Rochester institute for general education; the Rochester institute for practical education; two high schools; two public charity infant schools; two seminaries for young ladies; several district schools, and many private schools and instructers in foreign languages and in gymnastics.-The moneyed incorporations are the bank of Rochester, capital $250,000; the bank of Monroe, capital $300,000; the Rochester savings bank. The newspapers, one daily, and five weekly.-The post-office receipts, annually, are

;

exceeded in amount in the state of New York only by those of New York and Albany; and the canal toll-office receipts, only by those of Albany.-The manufac tories are sixteen flour mills (thirteen stone and three wood), containing sixtyeight runs of stone, capable of making 350,000 barrels per annum, though actually having made, in 1831, only 252,000, shipped to New York and Montreal; four woollen factories; two cotton; three marble; one pail and tub; one shoe-last; two tobacco; one nail; three scythe, axe and edge-tool; six tin and sheet iron; three soap and candle; three morocco; two plough; two comb; one lookingglass; one window sash; one barrel; two stone and earthen ware; oue starch; one glove factory and three clothieries; one brass foundery; seven machine shops; three gunsmith; two iron turners; two braziers; four chairmakers; six cabinet four hatters; six saddlers; fifteen coopers; seventeen blacksmiths; six goldsmiths; three coppersmiths' shops.-Canal commerce. Six lines of canal craft, numbering 160 boats, of forty tons each, towed by 800 horses, built, equipped and owned principally at this place, make it the seat of the transportation business, boat-building, and trades connected with it, giving employment to five extensive boat-building establishments, of between twenty and forty men each, besides joiners, smiths, &c. The superior white oak and pine lumber here, with its central location at the turning point of water conveyance between the west, New York and Montreal, confer these peculiar advantages.-Lake trade. At the port of Genesee, the outlet of the foreign trade, and the entrepot of Rochester, the aggregate tonnage, entering and clearing, both domestic and foreign, in 1831, amounted to 19,868 tons; value of exports in the same period, $234,792,37; of imports, $1655,63, as appears from the collector's returns. Several weekly packets ply between it and the Canadian ports, and three steam-boats. There are more than one hundred vessels, of all descriptions, on the lake, and about fifteen steamboats.-River. The river Genesee is navigable fifty miles, and, at high water, ninety miles above Rochester, bringing to it the produce of a fertile south and south-west country, of about 2000 square miles in extent. It passes rapidly through the village, and is there walled on each side with hammer-dressed stone, a distance of about three fourths of a mile, to the height of from ten to twenty feet, according to the depth and inequalities of the base. From

the village towards the lake, in the course of two miles, the river descends over falls of 10, 20, 96 and 104 feet, and, at low water, flows in the quantity of 20,000 cubic feet per minute, equal to the power of 12,800 horses, or 640 steam-engines of twenty horse power each. The natural advantages of Rochester, in the fertility of its interior and immense water power, with water communications in every direction, make it the commercial emporium of Western New York.

ROCK SALT. (See Salt.)

ROCKET (eruca sativa, or the brassica eruca of Linnæus); a cruciferous plant, allied to the turnip and cabbage, growing wild in many parts of Europe. It has a strong, disagreeable odor, an acrid and pungent taste, but is, notwithstanding, much esteemed by some, and especially by the Italians, who use it in their salads. Its medicinal properties are antiscorbutic, and very stimulant. The stem is about a foot and a half high, rough, with soft hairs, and bearing long, pinnated leaves; the flowers are whitish or pale yellow, with violet veins, and are disposed in racemes. This plant is almost unknown in the U. States. The term rocket is also applied to the different species of hesperis-cruciferous plants with purple flowers, often cultivated for ornament in gardens. ROCKET, SKY. (See Pyrotechny.) ROCKETS, CONGREVE. (See Congreve, Sir William.)

ROCKINGHAM (Charles Watson Wentworth), marquis of, born in 1730, succeeded his father in his titles and estates in 1750, and, in 1765, became first lord of the treasury (prime minister). American affairs formed, at that time, a leading subject of discussion; and Rockingham took the middle way of repealing the stampact, and declaring the right of Great Britain to tax the colonies. He was therefore deserted by some of his supporters (among others, by Chatham), and retired from the ministry in 1766. He afterwards acted in concert with Chatham, in opposition to the North ministry, on the fall of which, in 1782, he was again placed at the head of the treasury, but died in the same year, and was succeeded by lord Shelburne. (See Lansdowne.) Rocks. (See Geology.)

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, in the western part of North America, extend from lat. about 70° north to Mexico, where the chain is continued by the Cordilleras. Their distance from the Pacific ocean is about the same as that of the Alleghanies from the Atlantic; but the extent, and breadth, and

height of the Rocky mountains are much greater than those of the Alleghanies. They are of decidedly primitive formation; but they have not been so well explored as to enable us to give any scientific statements in relation to them. In latitude 47°, they are so elevated as to be covered with ice and snow in July. Some of the peaks are supposed to be twelve or thirteen thousand feet high, and the range generally is considerably higher than any other in North America, except that of the Cordilleras. The numerous peaks are not named, and have not been measured. We know not with certainty that any of them are volcanic. The trappers, who are almost the only white people that visit them, frequently relate that they have heard explosions, which were supposed to be from volcanoes. Pumice stones, of a reddish color, and remarkably perfect, frequently descend the Missouri. These are said by some to be formed from burning coal-mines; but it is more probable that they proceed from volcanoes. These mountains generally appear black, rugged, and precipitous, though their aspect is not uniform. The great rivers that are discharged from their eastern and western declivities wind far among the mountains, the Arkansas on the east, and the Oregon, or Columbia, on the west, more than a hundred leagues, before they escape to the plains. In following the beds of such streams, travellers pass through the range without any considerable ascent or obstruction. Following the Platte, which is one of the principal southern branches of the Missouri, the traveller finds a road even to lake Buenaventura, on the Pacific plains, that needs little labor to adapt it to the passage of horses and wagons. Such is the testimony of numerous traders, who cannot be supposed to be deceived, nor to intend deception. The southern part of this range is called the Masserne mountains. They give rise to the Rio Colorado, which flows into the Pacific, the Rio del Norte of Mexico, the Yellowstone of the Missouri, and the Arkansas and Red, which flow into the Mississippi. A single peak of this range is seen, as a landmark, for an immense distance on the plains of Arkansas and Texas. This is called mount Pike, and has been various

ly estimated at from seven to ten thousand feet in height. Many accounts have been given of the appearance of silver and other metals in the Rocky mountains, but we have not yet been favored with any important specimens.

ROCROY; a town of France, 15 miles

north-west of Mézières, 110 north-east of Paris, celebrated for the victory gained by the duke d'Enghien (afterwards the great Condé) over the Spaniards, who were besieging the city, May 19, 1643. (See Condé.)

RODE, Pierre, one of the greatest living violin players, was born at Bordeaux, in 1774, and is a pupil of Viotti. In 1801, he was made a professor in the conservatory of Paris. In 1802, Napoleon appointed him first violinist and master of his chapel; but he did not remain long in this office. In 1803, he made his second journey to Germany; in 1804, the emperor Alexander gave him an appointment at St. Petersburg; in 1809, he returned to France; and, in 1812, lived for some time in Berlin. He now lives in France. Much to the regret of the lovers of music, his fortune prevents him from performing in public.

RODNEY, Cæsar, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Dover, Delaware, about the year 1730. His father came over to this country with William Penn, and, after a short residence in Philadelphia, settled in Kent, a county upon the Delaware. His eldest son, the subject of this sketch, inherited from him a large landed estate, in consequence of the system of entail then in use. At the age of twenty-eight years, Cæsar Rodney was appointed high-sheriff, and, on the expiration of his term of service, was created a justice of the peace, and a judge of the lower courts. In 1762, and perhaps even earlier, he represented his county in the provincial legislature, by which, in 1765, he was sent, in conjunction with Mr. M'Kean and Mr. Kollock, to the congress that met at New York for the purpose of consulting upon the measures to be adopted in consequence of the stamp act, and other oppressive acts of the British government. In 1769, he was elected speaker of the house of representatives, and continued to occupy the chair for several years. About the same time, he was appointed chairman of the committee of correspondence with the other colonies; and when, in 1774, the combined efforts of the various committees had brought about the measure of a general congress, he was chosen one of the delegates to it from his native province. He was re-elected in the following year, and also made a brigadier-general in the colony. At the time when the question of independence was brought before congress, Mr. Rodney was on a tour through the southern part of Delaware, for the pur

pose of quieting the discontent prevalent in that quarter of the country, and preparing the minds of the people for a change of their government. His two colleagues, Mr. M'Kean and Mr. Read, were divided upon the subject, the former being favorable, the latter opposed to a declaration of independence. Mr. M'Kean, being acquainted with the views of Mr. Rodney, despatched an express, at his private expense, to inform him of the delicate posture of affairs, and urge him to hasten his return to Philadelphia. He did so immediately, and, by great exertion, arrived just as the members were entering the house for the final discussion. He entered the hall with his spurs on his boots, and soon afterwards the great question was put. By his vote in the affirmative, he secured that union among the colonies in the matter which was all-important. In the autumn of 1776, a convention was called in Delaware for the purpose of framing a new constitution, and appointing delegates to the succeeding congress. In this assembly, a majority was opposed to Mr. Rodney, who failed, in consequence, in obtaining a reelection. This circumstance was principally attributable to the royalists, who abounded especially in the lower counties. Mr. Rodney, however, still continued a member of the council of safety, and of the council of inspection, the functions of both of which offices he assiduously discharged, being particularly active in collecting supplies for the troops of the state, then with Washington in New Jersey. In 1777, he repaired in person to the camp near Princeton, where he remained for nearly two months, engaged in laborious services. In the autumn of the same year, he was again chosen a member of congress; but, before taking his seat, he was chosen president of his state. In this station he remained for four years, during which he had frequent communications from Washington relative to the distressed condition of the army, and exerted his utmost ability in affording aid. In 1782, he was compelled to retire by the delicate state of his health. He died in 1783.—Mr. Rodney was a man of pure integrity and patriotism; he was remarkable for good humor and vivacity, as well as for the disinterestedness and generosity of his character.

RODNEY, George Brydges, baron Rodney; a naval commander, born in 1717. His father, a captain in the royal navy, educated his son for the same profession. The latter first obtained a ship in 1742, and, in 1749, went to Newfoundland as governor.

In 1759, having been promoted to the rank of admiral, he commanded the expedition destined for the bombardment of Havre, which he executed with success. In 1761, he sailed to the West Indies, where he distinguished himself in the reduction of Martinique, and, on his return, was rewarded with a baronetcy. A contested election for Northampton (1768) impaired his finances, and he found it necessary to retire to the continent. The French govement made some overtures to him, which would have recruited his fortune. These he rejected; and, the fact having transpired, he was placed in command of a squadron destined for the Mediterranean. In 1780, he fell in with admiral Langara's fleet, off cape St. Vincent, and completely defeated it. In 1781, he sailed for the West Indies; and, April 12, 1782, obtained a decisive victory over the French fleet, under De Grasse, capturing five and sinking one of his largest vessels. A barony, and a pension of £2000, were bestowed upon him for his services; and on his decease, in 1792, a monument was voted to his memory, at the national expense, in St. Paul's. Lord Rodney is described by some writers as the first who practised the system of breaking through the centre of the enemy's line. (See Clerk.)

RODOLPH I, emperor of Germany, founder of the imperial house of Austria, was born in 1218, being the eldest son of Albert IV, count of Hapsburg, and landgrave of Alsace. He was brought up in the court and camp of the emperor Frederic II; and, on the death of his father, succeeded to territories of a very moderate extent, which, in the spirit of the times, he sought to augment by military enterprises. In 1245, he married a daughter of the count of Homburg, by whom he acquired an accession of territory; and, some years after, served under Ottocar, king of Bohemia, against the pagan Prussians. Several years of active warfare ensued, in which he much distinguished himself by his prudence, valor, and the spirit of justice with which he protected the inhabitants of the towns from their baronial oppressors. In 1273, as he was encamped before the walls of Basle, he received the unexpected intelligence that he was elected king of the Romans, and emperor, in preference to Alphonso, king of Castile, and Ottocar, king of Bohemia. Rodolph, then in his fifty-fifth year, willingly accepted the proffered elevation, and, being crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, immediately strengthened himself by

marrying two of his daughters to the count palatine of Bavaria and the duke of Saxony. He also took measures to ingratiate himself with pope Gregory X, who induced the king of Castile to withdraw his pretensions. The king of Bohemia, however, at that time one of the most powerful princes in Europe, persisted in his opposition, and a war ensued, in which he was defeated, and compelled to sue for peace, and agree to pay homage. Stung by this disgrace, the Bohemian king broke the treaty in 1277, and the following year Ottocar was again defeated and slain. By the treaty with his successor, which followed, Rodolph was to hold Moravia for five years, and retain the Austrian provinces which had been previously yielded by Ottocar, and the securing of which to his family was henceforward his primary object. After some abortive attempts to restore the influence of the empire in Tuscany, he contented himself with drawing large sums from Lucca and other cities, for the confirmation and extension of their privileges. No foreign foe remaining, he assiduously employed himself to restore peace and order to Germany, and wisely put down the private fortresses, which served as a retreat to banditti and to ferocious nobles. For these and other eminent services in the same spirit, he obtained the title of "a living law," and was regarded as a second founder of the German empire. He subsequently engaged in war with the counts of Savoy and of Burgundy, and delivered the young king of Bohemia from the captivity to which he had been subjected by the regent Otho, and married him to one of his daughters. The final object of the emperor was to secure the imperial succession to his son Albert; but the electors, jealous of the rapid rise of the family, could not be made to concur, and Rodolph felt the disappointment severely. He had, however, laid a permanent foundation for the prosperity of his race; and, after a reign of nineteen years, expired in July, 1291, in the seventy-third year of his age. There is scarcely an excellency, either of body or mind, which the biographers of the house of Austria have not attributed to its founder; and he appears to have merited no small portion of their panegyric. Few princes have surpassed him in energy of character and in civil and military talents. He was personally brave, almost to rashness, indefatigable, simple and unaffected in his manners, affable, and magnanimous. In the beginning of his career, he seems to have

shared in the usual license of the period, in pursuit of aggrandizement; but, as an emperor, he has been considered, for the most part, as equitable and just as he was brave and intelligent.

REDERER, Pierre Louis, count, born at Metz, in 1754, was counsellor of the parliament of Metz before the revolution. In 1789, he was chosen deputy to the constituent assembly. A high reputation for talents preceded him, which was justified by the eloquence of his speeches on the most important questions He was a constitutional royalist, yet made such frequent concessions to the republican party that they reckoned him among their number. He was appointed a member of the committee of finance, of which he became the usual reporter, or chairman. In the manner in which M. Ræderer developed his system of finances, and the ability with which he defended his reports, his talent was especially displayed. When the schism arose in the Jacobin club, M. Roderer joined the Feuillants, but speedily returned to the former. After the close of the session of the constituent assembly, he was appointed procureur-syndic of the department of the Seine. On the morning of the 10th of August, accompanied by the directory of the department, he repaired to the palace, and represented to the king and queen that the danger was far beyond any thing they had conceived, and that the royal family incurred the danger of being destroyed within the palace, if the king did not repair to the national assembly for protection. Soon after the events of that day, he was accused by the revolutionists, and seals were put upon his papers. He withdrew himself from danger, and did not reappear till after the 9th of Thermidor. In 1799, when Bonaparte returned from Egypt, M. Roederer succeeded in forming political ties between him and Sieyes; and he was also among those who most aided in preparing the revolution of the 18th of Brumaire. Called to the senate at its first formation, he declined to take a seat there, but was made counsellor of state. There he occupied himself with the framing of a number of laws, which he presented to the legislative assembly; and he was principally charged with the establishment of the prefectures. He was the chief instrument of concluding the treaty which put an end to the misunderstandings between France and the U. States. In 1802, he presented to the legislative assembly the project of the order of the legion of honor, of which he was named commandant. In 1803, he

took a seat in the senate, and was one of the members appointed to confer with the Swiss deputies assembled at Paris upon the means of giving a new constitution to their country. Shortly after, he was made count. He took a large share in the whole organization of the kingdom of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte. (See Joseph Napoleon.) On the return of the Bourbons, M. Roederer disappeared from the political world. He is the author of several historical works of much value.

REMER; the name of the town-house in Frankfort on the Maine, in which the deliberations on the election of the German emperor were held. The newly crowned emperor here received homage. In one large room of the Römer are the pictures of all the emperors from Charlemagne to Francis II; and it is a curious fact, that the walls had been so filled as to leave room but for one picture more, when the portrait of Francis II, with whom the German empire expired, was added to the series. The name of the house comes from the family Römer, which sold it, in 1405, to the city.

ROGER OF ROGIer van der VeyDE, one of the most eminent painters of the Old Netherlandish school, was born at Brussels, and died in 1529. In the hall of his native city are four allegorical pictures by him. A celebrated Descent from the Cross, executed by him, was sent to Spain; another is in Aix-la-Chapelle. Roger was also distinguished as a painter on glass.

ROGER DE HOVEDEN. (See Hoveden, Roger de.)

ROGERS, Woods, an English circumnavigator, belonged to the royal navy in 1708, when he was invited by the merchants of Bristol to take the command of an expedition to the South sea. He set sail with two vessels, the Duke and the Duchess, taking out Dampier as a pilot. Passing to the south of Terra del Fuego, in January, 1709, they entered the Pacific ocean, and, February 1, arrived at the isle of Juan Fernandez, where they found Alexander Selkirk (see Robinson Crusoe), and, having visited the coast of California, crossed the Pacific, and returned to England in October, 1711. Captain Rogers was afterwards employed with a squadron to extirpate the pirates who infested the West Indies. He died in 1732. His Voyage round the World was published in 1712.

ROGERS, Samuel; a distinguished living poet. His father was a banker in London. Mr. Rogers is also a banker, and master of an ample fortune, which he has always been content to enjoy in pri