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under a general or special authority, shall bind such person, and shall have the same effect and be negotiable as above provided.

SEC. 3. The word "person," in the two last preceding sections, Person defined. shall be construed to extend to every corporation capable by law of

making contracts.

and endorsees.

SEC. 4. The payees and endorsees of every such note, payable to Actions by payees them or their order, and the holders of every such note payable to bearer, may maintain actions for the sums of money therein mentioned, against the makers and endorsers of the same respectively, in like manner as in cases of inland bills of exchange, and not otherwise.

maker or to order

person.

SEC. 5. Such notes, made payable to the maker thereof, or to the Notes payable to order of a fictitious person, shall, if negotiated by the maker, have of a fictitious the same effect and be of the same validity as against the maker, and all persons having knowledge of the facts, as if payable to the bearer.

be in writing.

SEC. 6. No person within this state shall be charged as an acceptor Acceptance must on a bill of exchange, unless his acceptance shall be in writing, signed by himself or his lawful agent.

separate paper.

SEC. 7. If such acceptance be written on a paper other than the bill, Acceptance on a it shall not bind the acceptor, except in favor of a person to whom such acceptance shall have been shown, and who, on the faith thereof, shall have received the bill for a valuable consideration. SEC. 8. An unconditional promise, in writing, to accept a bill be- Unconditional fore it is drawn, shall be deemed an actual acceptance in favor of every person who, upon the faith thereof, shall have received the bill for a valuable consideration.

promise to accept.

ed a refusal to accept.

SEC. 9. Every holder of a bill, presenting the same for acceptance, what to be deemmay require that the acceptance be written on the bill; a refusal to comply with such request shall be deemed a refusal to accept, and the bill may be protested for non-acceptance.

and 9 not to apply

to certain cases.

SEC. 10. The last four sections shall not be construed to impair Sections 6, 7, 8 the right of any person to whom a promise to accept a bill may have been made, and who, on the faith of such promise, shall have drawn or negotiated the bill, to recover damages of the party making such promise, on his refusal to accept such bill.

be deemed an

SEC. 11. Every person upon whom a bill of exchange is drawn, Destroying bill to and to whom the same is delivered for acceptance, who shall destroy acceptance. such bill, or refuse, within twenty-four hours after such delivery, or within such other period as the holder may allow, to return the bill, accepted or non-accepted, to the holder, shall be deemed to have accepted the same.

Rate of damages on protesting bill.

Such damages to be in lieu of interest, etc.

Damages how to be determined.

Ditto.

Damages on protest for

SEC. 12. The rate of damages to be allowed and paid upon the usual protest for non-payment of bills of exchange, drawn or negotiated within this state, shall be as follows: 1st, If such bill shall have been drawn upon any person or persons in any of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, fifteen dollars upon the hundred upon the principal sum specified in such bill; 2d, If such bill shall have been drawn upon any person or persons in any port or place in Europe or in any foreign country, twenty dollars upon the hundred upon the principal sum specified in such bill.

SEC. 13. Such damages shall be in lieu of interest, charges of protest, and all other charges incurred previous to, and at the time of giving notice of non-payment; but the holder of such bill shall be entitled to demand and recover lawful interest upon the aggregate amount of the principal sum specified in such bill, and of the damages thereon, from the time at which notice of protest for non-payment shall have been given, and payment of such principal sum shall have been demanded.

SEC. 14. If the contents of such bill be expressed in money of account of the United States, the amount due thereon, and of the damages herein allowed for the non-payment thereof, shall be ascertained and determined without any reference to the rate of exchange existing between this state, and the place on which such bill shall have been drawn, at the time of the demand of payment, or of notice, of non-payment.

SEC. 15. If the contents of such bill be expressed in the money of account, or currency of any foreign country, then the amount due, exclusive of the damages payable thereon, shall be ascertained and determined by the rate of exchange, or the value of such foreign currency at the time of the demand of payment.

SEC. 16. Where a bill of exchange shall be protested for non-acnon-acceptance. ceptance, the same rate of damages shall be allowed on the protest for non-acceptance, as provided in the last four sections, and shall be in lieu of interest, charges of protest, and all other charges incurred previous to, and at the time of giving notice of non-acceptance; but the holder shall be entitled to recover interest upon the aggregate amount of the principal sum specified in the bill, and of the damages thereon, from the time at which notice of protest for non-acceptance shall have been given.

Damages to be recovered only by holder.

SEC. 17. The damages allowed by this act shall be recovered only by the holder of a bill, who shall have purchased the same, or some interest therein, for a valuable consideration.

dishonor.

SEC. 18. In all cases where a notice of non-acceptance of a bill Notice of of exchange, or non-payment of a bill of exchange, promissory note, or other negotiable instrument, may be given, by sending the same by mail, it shall be sufficient if such notice be directed to the city or town where the person sought to be charged by such notice resides at the time of drawing, making, or endorsing such bill of exchange, promissory note, or other negotiable instrument, unless such person, at the time of affixing his signature to such bill, note, or negotiable instrument, shall, in addition thereto, specify thereon the post office to which he may require the notice to be addressed.

SEC. 19. Nothing in this act shall apply to bills of exchange, pro- Bills and notes missory notes, or other negotiable instruments, made or drawn before heretofore made. this act takes effect.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

AN ACT concerning Volunteer or Independent Companies. (1)—
[Passed April 4th, 1850.]

The People of the State of California, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows:

opened to enter

to names of appli

cants to become

SECTION 1. Whenever a sufficient number, by the provisions of Books may be this act, of the citizens of any one county of this state, subject military duty, shall wish to form themselves into a volunteer or volunteers. independent company, it shall be the duty of the Judge of the County Court of such county to cause some suitable person, residing in such county, to open a book, in which he shall enter the names of all persons able to perform military duty, who may make application to become members of such company; and it shall be the duty of the Notice of opening person so appointed, to give notice, by publication in some newspaper, or by posting up such notice in at least three of the most public places in such county, of the time and place such book shall be opened to receive the names of volunteers.

books to be given.

number volun

SEC. 2. As soon as such book shall be opened for volunteers, and when sufficient the number in this act required, subject to military duty, shall have teered, meeting volunteered, the person so appointed shall fix a time and place for the meeting of the same, by giving at least ten days notice thereof,

(1) Stat. 1852, page 96, Sec. 4, 5, 14, 16 and 21.

to be called.

Meeting to be organized, and notice given of electing officers.

Commissioned

and non-commis

be elected.

by publication in some newspaper, or by posting up written notices in at least three of the most public places in such county; and it shall be his duty to attend at such meeting, and present the book aforesaid, containing the names of the volunteers.

He

SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the person so appointed, to attend and act as chairman of such meeting, and to organize the same. shall call the name of each volunteer written in said book, and when all the members of said company are present, he shall give notice, by proclamation, that said company will forthwith proceed to an election of officers.

SEC. 4. The members of the company so volunteering, shall then sioned officers to proceed to the choice of their commissioned and non-commissioned officers, and it shall be the duty of the person so appointed to take in writing the names of all persons nominated for election, and in connection with any other two or more persons determined on by a majority of said company, to receive, and after all the members of the company present have voted, to carefully count and add up the votes cast, and make proclamation of the names and rank of the persons elected. In the choice of officers, the election shall be by ballot.

Election to be by ballot.

Musicians to be appointed. Certificate of election to be made out and delivered to officers.

SEC. 5. Commanding officers of companies may appoint the musicians for their respective companies, under the provisions of this act. SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the person so appointed, after such election shall have been determined, to make out in writing and sign a certificate of election of each of the officers so elected, which cerReturn to Adju- tificate he shall deliver to the respective officers of the company. He shall also, within the next ten days, make out a return, stating the time of the formation and organization of such company, its name and numerical strength of rank and file, and the names of its commissioned and non-commissioned officers, and forthwith forward the same to the Adjutant General of this state.

tant General of State.

How companies

to be armed and

what to consist.

SEC. 7. The volunteer or independent companies shall be armed equipped, and of and equipped in the same manner that similar corps are in the army of the United States, and shall consist of the following officers, noncommissioned officers, musicians, and privates, to wit: To each company of cavalry there shall be one captain, one first and two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, one saddler, one farrier, one trumpeter, and not less than forty nor more than eighty privates. To all other volunteer or independent companies there shall be one captain, one first and two second lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals, one drummer, one fifer, and not less than fifty nor more than one hundred privates.

adopt constitu

by-laws.

SEc. 8. Every volunteer or independent company may adopt a con- Companies may stitution and form by-laws, rules, and regulations, not inconsistent tions and with the constitution of the United States, or of this state, for the government and improvement of its members in military science, and when approved by two-thirds of all the members belonging to any such company, shall be binding, but may be altered from time to time, as may become necessary.

SEC. 9. It shall be the duty of the acting orderly sergeant of the Record of constitution, by-laws, company, to keep a perfect and complete record of the constitution, etc., to be kept. by-laws, rules and regulations of said company, which shall be signed by the captain of the company, and countersigned by the acting orderly sergeant, and said record shall at all times be subject to the inspection of any member of the company, and all military officers, and any person interested therein.

fix fines, etc.

SEC. 10. Said constitution, by-laws, rules, and regulations may fix Constitution may the fines and penalties which shall be imposed on any member of the company for an infraction of any of the provisions thereof, and may also fix the fines which shall be imposed on any member for a failure to parade at any muster which may be called, in accordance with the constitution, by-laws, rules, and regulations of the company.

SEC. 11. When any member of the company shall have been guilty Recovery of fines. of a violation of the provisions of the constitution, by-laws, rules, and regulations of the company, and a fine shall have been assessed upon him in accordance therewith, it shall be the duty of the acting orderly sergeant of the company, or in case he is interested, then of the next sergeant of the company, to demand of such member such fine, and in case of his refusal to pay the same, it shall be lawful to bring a suit therefor, in the name of the company, before any Justice of the Peace of the county, subject to an appeal to the District Court, as in other cases: Provided, however, that when such suit shall be brought, security for cost shall be given, by some responsible person or persons, in case such suit shall be determined against said company.

adoption of con

SEC. 12. It shall be sufficient evidence, that the constitution, by- Evidence of laws, rules, and regulations have been regularly adopted, if they are stitution, etc. signed by the actual captain, and countersigned by the acting orderly sergeant of the company, and any member of the company may be a Member of witness, unless otherwise disqualified, in all cases brought under the be witness. provisions of this act.

company may

SEC. 13. All fines collected shall be received by the acting orderly Application of fines, etc. sergeant, or acting captain of the company, and shall be used for the benefit, and under the direction of the company.

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