situation I would like to ask him to tell us what is going to happen to all of these women that have war jobs. Do you think they are going to be willing to go back to what they were doing before, or not, or are they going to want to keep on spending money? Of course, we know that some went for purely patriotic reasons. Some did not have to work; some did not go to work because they thought they ought to, there is a large number who went to work to make money.

Mr. ANDERSON. Senator, not having made any specialized study of this subject, I do not know all of the answers, but on the basis of my personal experience I would agree with your statement, that undoubtedly a large majority of them are going to attempt to remain in their jobs. That problem will be solved, but how it will be solved I yet do not know. I know a great many people are giving great consideration to it.

Senator AIKEN. But that situation will intensify that problem. Mr. ANDERSON. Yes.

Senator AIKEN. I suppose it is a matter that will work itself out over the period of some years.

Mr. ANDERSON. What of course concerns us in Detroit, the people whom I represent, is that a colored worker shall not be discriminated against. Now, it is possible, in terms of the chaotic situation that we may have, that some groups may insist on keeping white women who have no responsibilities of supporting a family, keeping those women on the job in preference to breadwinners of colored families. That is the kind of situation we are particularly interested in. That is not inconceivable at all.

Senator AIKEN. Do you think this law would help in that situation? Mr. ANDERSON. Very definitely.

Senator AIKEN. You believe under this law if one of the manufacturers that had a Government contract discharged Negroes with large families to support and kept on, we will say, white women with very little responsibility, that that would constitute discrimination?

Mr. ANDERSON. Pardon me, Senator, but if I read this bill right, the bill says nothing about that subject whatsoever. We are not here talking about responsibilities that workers may have to families. That is not even suggested in this bill. Certainly by no previous statement of mine did I intend to imply that this bill was more concerned with the family breadwinner and worker with responsibilities than the worker without responsibilities.

Senator AIKEN. I did not think you did.

Mr. ANDERSON. I just wanted to make certain.

Senator AIKEN. I was just wishing for a little information, because the problem is so vast that it seems to me every little bit of hope we can get or any suggestion for coping with it is worth getting, and as long as you seem to know the situation very well, I was just fishing for a solution to some of the accompanying problems.

Mr. ANDERSON. The only thing that I pretend to know anything about at all is this subject that I have been testifying on. There are so many related industrial problems and each of them is in itself so complex that it is very difficult to keep correctly informed on the answers in each of these fields. Many people in Detroit, whom one comes in contact with, feel that women who just came into industry during the war emergency will undoubtedly have to go. That is, that a great majority of them will go, but that there will be many

who will remain in specific cases, such as where, due to changes in their families, they are now breadwinners, perhaps they are widowed as the result of having lost a husband in the Army, and possibly they are women with children.

Senator AIKEN. Have you noticed any reluctance on the part of the Detroit war workers who came from the States, particularly the Southern States, where the compensation of the workers is very low, a reluctance to return to those States from which they came? Michigan has a high unemployment-compensation rate, one of the highest in the country.

Mr. ANDERSON. I have only an opinion answer on that, and that is to the effect that most of the workers, whether colored or white, who have migrated to Detroit in the last few years, will choose to remain there rather than return to the State from which they came. Senator AIKEN. They will stay where, in case they are unemployed and get in trouble, they will receive the most liberal treatment? Mr. ANDERSON. Undoubtedly.

Senator AIKEN. And if they are employed again, they will receive the highest wages.

Mr. ANDERSON. Yes.

Senator CHAVEZ. I want to thank you, Mr. Anderson. You made a very fine statement.

Mr. ANDERSON. Thank you, gentlemen, for the opportunity.
Senator CHAVEZ. Miss Stevens.

STATEMENT OF MISS THELMA STEVENS, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, WOMEN'S DIVISION OF CHRISTIAN SERVICE, OF BOARD OF MISSIONS AND CHURCH EXTENSION OF THE METHODIST CHURCH, NEW YORK

Senator CHAVEZ. Do you have a statement that you want to make to the committee?

Miss STEVENS. Yes, Mr. Chairman. I am Thelma Stevens, executive secretary of the department of Christian social relations department of the women's division, Methodist Church, and I am here to make a statement representing the Methodist women who are concerned with this issue that is being discussed in this committee. Senator CHAVEZ. Where is the headquarters?

Miss STEVENS. The headquarters of the department that I represent is in New York City.

Senator CHAVEZ. You may proceed.

Miss STEVENS. I am not sure that this group is aware of the fact that the official law-making body of the Methodist Church, the general conference, that was in session in May of this year, went on record as approving the principle of a Fair Employment Practice Committee and urged that steps be taken immediately to implement that committee so it might give more effective service.

Senator CHAVEZ. Is this association that you represent in any way conr ected with the service of Bishop Oxnam?

Miss STEVENS. Yes, Bishop Oxnam is one of the bishops of the Methodist Church. It just happens that I am secretary of the women's division, which is one of the divisions of the Methodist Church. Senator CHAVEZ. Thank you.

Miss STEVENS. The statement that I shall make is not any attempt to go into any details, because we have had ample facts presented to us; it is simply an attempt to state the principle on which Methodist women are working today and to show those particular concerns that we are giving attention to what relate to this topic under discussion. The Christian ideal, when translated into a practical program of action

seeks to build a Christian democracy in which there is the widest equality of opportunity for every man of every race and group to give his best to society, and receive the best which society can give to him.

Such a democracy will insure the opportunity for every individual to work with unhampered freedom and security.

The women's division of Christian service of the Methodist Church, representing 11⁄2 million organized women, is working toward this goal. The official action taken by this body in March 1944 urges Methodist women in all sections of the United States to work for the enactment of adequate legislation for increasing the services of the Fair Employment Practice Committee. This group of women recognizes the importance of congressional authorization of such a committee and urges this subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor to recommend favorably S. 2048, which will—

prohibit discrimination in employment because of race, creed, color, national origin, or ancestry.

If we are to demonstrate to the peoples of the world that we believe in the democratic ideal for all peoples, the law-making body of the land must take the lead and act in such a manner that partisan and sectional political and social patterns will give place to fair, unbiased programs of action that include every racial and religious group in the United States without any discriminatory governing patterns.

Methodist women want the United States Senate to enact this legislation that will insure a fair deal to the Mexican worker in Texas or California, the Japanese citizen or loyal alien from a relocation center, the Jew, Catholic, or Protestant from whatever section, the foreign-born, and the Negro in Mobile, Ala., Pascagoula, Miss., Detroit, Mich., or Brooklyn, N. Y. Unfortunately we live in a land where social patterns and traditions and prejudices determine the practices in our communities. Even many leaders in the Congress of the United States act largely in this new day in the light of old patterns and traditions. Without help from you unfair employment practices will continue in my State and yours.

The demobilization process is under way. It is imperative that every safeguard be provided to insure a fair distribution of jobs to returning service personnel regardless of race, creed, or national origin. We want the Congress of the United States to approve this principle of fair-employment practices, and such action will help make it possible for the returning Negro soldier in my State of Mississippi to stand the same chance of getting a decent job as his white brother. There is grave danger that Negroes or other minority groups will be the first to lose their jobs in this transition period. Public opinion at this point needs the stimulation of Federal support. The church can build that public opinion more effectively with Federal legislative backing.

We boast of the "four freedoms" for the peoples of the world, and yet in thousands of homes in the United States not only is there the lurking specter of Want, but also his bodyguard and bedfellow, Fear. The church is concerned with its Christian ministry to the family. This concern must include plans for job security. Adequate employment with wages commensurate with services rendered mean good houses for the family, wholesome recreation, education for the children-good citizenship. Methodist women want these necessities for all families, not just for a privileged majority. When we insure job opportunity without discrimination to all peoples, then we remove fear and want.

We are also concerned in this great organized body of church women, that we show the nations of the world that Christian democracy can include all peoples on a basis of equality. When missionaries come home from India and make comparisons of practices in India and the United States, when we hear of employment practices in South Africa or the Belgian Congo, or when Mexico protests discriminatory practices against Mexicans in the United States, the Christian mission of the church is greatly handicapped. This is no time to publicize among other nations any superiority complexes that may be rooted in one section or another. The peoples of the world are looking to the United States for courage and renewed faith in the ideal of brotherhood. Platitudes are no good. We must voice our belief in democratic practices through legislative action, and we must practice that faith in law enforcement now that some day will stem from men's hearts without fear.

Methodist women everywhere are grateful to the courageous statesmen who sponsored S. 2048. We want this bill passed. We want fair employment practices legislated into being by the United States Senate at the earliest possible date.

Senator CHAVEZ. Is that your statement, Miss Stevens?

Miss STEVENS. That is my statement.

Senator CHAVEZ. I want to congratulate you and the ladies that you represent. To me the most encouraging thing in this hour of strife in the United States is to see Christian people, people who believe in the Supreme Power, working together for the benefit of man. Thank you so much.

Mr. Donald Henderson, president, United Cannery, Agricultural Packing and Allied Workers, Philadelphia, Pa., was to be here this morning but he sent a wire due to circumstances beyond his control he was unable to attend.

We will now call on Rev. Aron S. Gilmartin, if he is present.

STATEMENT OF REV. ARON S. GILMARTIN, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL EXECUTIVE BOARD, WORKERS DEFENSE LEAGUE, AND OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVE OF AMERICAN UNITARIAN ASSOCIATION, . NEW YORK CITY

Senator CHAVEZ. Will you kindly identify yourself for the record, please?

Reverend GILMARTIN. Yes, sir, Senator Chavez and honorable. Members of the Senate.

I come before you in a dual capacity: as chairman of the national executive board of the Workers Defense League, with offices at 112

East Nineteenth Street in New York City, and as the official representative of the American Unitarian Association with its headquarters at 25 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.

For your further information, I am a Unitarian minister, and serve the Church of Our Father, Unitarian, in Newburgh, N. Y. In that city, I have been for 3 years the chairman of the interracial committee of the Newburgh Ministerial Association. In addition, I am the elected chairman of the Workers Defense League, national nonpartisan agency for defense of the rights of labor.

Both organizations for which I speak are wholeheartedly in favor of the establishment of a permanent Fair Employment Practice Committee. The Workers Defense League, by its constitution, is committed to the end of all discrimination. We hailed the President's Executive Order No. 8802, which made specific the Federal Government's opposition to discriminatory practices in employment for reasons of race, creed, color, or national origin. We have been encouraged by the record of accomplishment of the F. E. P. C. which that order brought into being. The Workers Defense League was among the first to suggest F. E. P. C. be made a permanent branch of the Federal Government.

The American Unitarian Association has also gone on record-as recently as its last annual meeting in Boston on May 24, 1944-in favor of a permanent F. E. P. C. I do not want to take your time to read the full resolution which bears the general title "Race Relations." The significant thing, gentlemen-and I was a delegate to the meeting which adopted this resolution, and know the association was fully cognizant of this significance is that in this resolution, the F. E. P. C. is singled out for special mention and direct action.

This is the resolution they passed:

8. Race relations:

Whereas the annual meetings of the American Unitarian Association in 1942 and 1943 have gone on record as affirming and implementing our historic tradition of the struggle for the rights and liberties of racial minorities; and

Whereas the past year has seen significant gains in the position especially of the Negro people, as in the commissioning of Negro officers in the merchant marine and the Navy, the use of Negro airmen in the Mediterranean theater of war, and the recent decision of the Supreme Court outlawing "white primaries" in the South; and

Whereas the past year has also seen an increase of violence against minority groups, as in Detroit, Mich., Beaumont, Tex., and Boston, Mass., indicating the need for continuing vigilance by all groups interested in democracy: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the American Unitarian Association in its one hundred and nineteenth annual meeting declares its support of all steps which have been taken toward the goal of racial democracy, and that it affirms its support of all groups within our fellowship who have contributed, and will contribute toward interracial good will through effective community action, and commends the following of their example to all our churches and societies; and warns all members of our fellowship to be on guard against the intensified anti-Semitic, anti-Negro, and other divisive propaganda which now directly threatens our national unity; and be it further

Resolved, That the association record its support of the continued and strengthened activity of the Fair Employment Practice Committee, favor the establishment by act of Congress of a permanent Fair Employment Practice Committee, and send a copy of this resolution to the chairman of the present committee, and to the President of the United States.