account of any transaction, matter, or thing concerning which he is compelled, after having claimed his privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or produce evidence, except that such individual so testifying shall not be exempt from prosecution and punishment for perjury committed in so testifying.

5. Complaints, orders, and other process and papers of the board, its member, agent, or agency, may be served either personally or by registered mail or by telegraph or by leaving a copy thereof at the principal office or place of business of the respondent required to be served. The verified return by the individual so serving the same, setting forth the manner of such service, shall be proof of the same, and returned post office receipt or telegraph receipt therefor, when registered and mailed or telegraphed as aforesaid, shall be proof of service of the same. Witnesses summoned before the board, its member, agent, or agency, shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the courts of this State, and witnesses whose depositions are taken and the person taking the same shall severally be entitled to the same fees as are paid for like services in the courts of this State.

6. All process of any court to which application may be made under this article may be served in the county wherein the person or persons required to be served reside or may be found.

7. The several departments, commissions, divisions, authorities, boards, bureaus, agencies, and officers of the State or any political or civil subdivision or agency thereof, shall furnish the Board upon its request all records, papers, and information in their possession relating to any matter before the Board.

SEC.. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM. For the purpose of eliminating discriminatory employment practices and for the purpose of fostering a comprehensive educational program to create and maintain better community understanding and equal opportunity, the board is hereby authorized to formulate and adopt a comprehensive educational program, with the cooperation of the Department of Education of the State of and Federal and local authorities, calculated to instill into the minds of the pupils of the public schools and colleges of this State and all other residents of this State the purpose and meaning of this article and the importance of establishing and maintaining a truly democratic form of government, free from discrimination against any citizen because of race, color, or religion. The board is hereby authorized to accept contributions from any private persons or private organizations, which funds are to be used in its discretion to carry out the purposes of this section, and may seek and enlist the cooperation of private persons or of public or private charitable, religious, labor, civic, and benevolent organizations or agencies for the purposes of this section. SEC.. GENERAL POWERS OF THE BOARD.-For the purpose of eliminating discriminatory employment practices and for the purpose of carrying out the policies of this article, the Board is hereby authorized

1. To make a thorough going and impartial investigation, study and evaluation of the scope and extent of discriminatory employment practices in the State of

2. To collate, interpret, and publicize statistics and reports relating to such discriminatory employment practices.

3. To call upon the head of any department of the State or of anv subdivision thereof for cooperation in the preparation of special surveys undertaken by the board.

SEC. PUBLIC RECORDS AND PROCEEDINGS. Subject to rules and regulations to be made by the board, the complaints, orders, and testimony relating to a proceeding instituted by the board under the sections of this article may be made public records and be made available for inspection or copy.

SEC. PUNITIVE PROVISIONS. Any person who shall willfully resist, prevent, im pede, or interfere with any member of the board or any of its agents or agencies in the performance of duties pursuant to this article, or who shall in any manner interfere with the equal opportunity of employees for gainful employment regardless of race, color, or religion, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.

Miss BRANDT. We think that bill is a good bill and it follows very closely the lines of the Chavez bill, S. 2048.

Now, we feel that if those bills are introduced in the various State. legislatures that they would do a great deal toward eliminating discrimination in employment in the general field of employment.

But we of the American Jewish Congress feel that the Chavez bill, S. 2048, to provide for the Federal Commission on Fair Employment

Practice, is absolutely essential in order to take care of discrimination in the field of employment coming within the Federal jurisdiction, such as interstate commerce, civil service, shipping, railroads, and so forth, and we feel it is an excellent bill because that bill has teeth in it and has good enforcement provisions, and we stand squarely behind that bill and hope it will be enacted into law.

Senator CHAVEZ. May I interrupt? How would you consider a bill that would prohibit unfair employment practices if it did not have penalties on account of offenses?

Miss BRANDT. Mr. Chairman, we think it would be absolutely useless. It might have a certain amount of moral upbuilding effect, but it would have no effect in curing the problem.

We have found the New York State laws inefficient for that reason. And we think if that bill were enacted into law, besides being efficient and effective in helping to meet the problem, it would be a fine morale builder for the rest of the Nation.

Even though the States do enact State laws, even those who believe in States' rights believe in the power of the Federal Government and the example of the Federal Government, and we believe the Federal Government should certainly set the example, not only to our own States, but other countries throughout the world.

After all, this is the finest country in the world and it is the greatest country in the world.

Mr. Chairman, I would like to tell you of an incident that happened to me at the lunch hour. It is a little off the track of this bill. It is a case of discrimination that I would like to tell you about. Not discrimination in employment, but discrimination in what we will call public accommodation.

I left this room with members of the National Committee on Fair Employment Practice to have lunch, and with us was a member of the colored race, a woman. There was a representative of the Protestant churches and I was there, a member of the Jewish race. We sought to enter the Senate dining room in the Senate Office Building and we were refused. We sought to enter the dining room of the Senate Building and we were refused. I felt deeply hurt at the outrage that I felt was committed against this colored person and, although it is not a question, as I said before, of discrimination in employment, it is a question that I think makes the colored people of the country very bitter and made me very bitter, too.

We finally had to go to the Supreme Court Building, where we were served lunch. The Supreme Court Building is a very beautiful building and above the building is this inscription-I saw this and was very proud of it-the inscription was: "Equal justice under law."

I think that is a very beautiful proverb or saying, and I should like to have truth go with that beauty, and I should like to make this bill a law of the land, so that the beauty of this idea and the truth should go together.

I thank you very much.

Senator CHAVEZ. I want to ask you one question. From your general observations and from your studies of the particular problem that we are trying to remedy by this bill, do you not find it a fact that citizens of the United States within the first or second generation,

appreciate the theory of our government in many instances more than those of us who have lived a long time in the country?

Miss BRANDT. I think you are absolutely right, Senator. I know, for instance, German refugees who have managed to come to this country who won't speak a word of German, and they can't stop talking about this democracy and the wonderful America. And I know how much my parents and I appreciate the freedom we are living in. The conditions are better than they are in any other country in the world, but we want this to be the best country in the world.

Senator CHAVEZ. I have noticed among persons who have come from Europe, say in the last 20 or 30 years, that due to the fact that they suffered immensely on account of some condition in their own country, they have come over here and actually appreciate the freedom and opportunity of this country even more so than many of us, and my folks have been in the United States for almost 300 years. But nature has been good to us and the Lord has been fine to us and the Government has been good to us. But we forget those things while these people who have come from elsewhere, due to the sufferings they have had in their own home countries, comes here and really appreciate what they have here.

Miss BRANDT. I think you are right, Mr. Senator.
Senator CHAVEZ. Thank you.

Miss BRANDT. Thank you.

STATEMENT OF ARNOLD ARONSON, CHAIRMAN, DIVISION OF EMPLOYMENT, CHICAGO COUNCIL AGAINST RACIAL AND RELIG

IOUS DISCRIMINATION

Senator CHAVEZ. Mr. Aronson, will you kindly identify yourself for the record?

Mr. ARONSON. My name is Arnold Aronson. I am chairman of the division of employment of the Chicago Council Against Racial and Religious Discrimination and chairman of the Chicago branch of the National Council for a Permanent F. E. P. C.

I am also director of the Bureau on Jewish Employment Problems, although I am representing that agency today only in so far as it is a member of the council.

Senator CHAVEZ. Will you kindly explain to the committee the functions of your organization?

Senator AIKEN. Is the Chicago council a division of some other organization or is it an independent organization in itself?

Mr. ARONSON. It is a federation of organizations concerned with various aspects of the problems of minority groups.

Senator AIKEN. How is it sustained, by memberships or gifts? Mr. ARONSON. It is sustained by contributions from affiliated organizations.

Senator AIKEN. And they in turn receive contributions from whoever they can get them from?

Mr. ARONSON. The council itself has no individual membership. It is an organization of organizations and as such we do not have contributions from individuals.

I think that it does indirectly represent a considerable number of individuals by virtue of the individual membership of the various affiliated organizations.

Senator AIKEN. What I was asking for is to find out if it is an organization, a parent organization, you might say, either of the church or a labor organization.

Mr. ARONSON. No. It is a community organization, including labor organizations, social agencies, church organizations, and so forth. Senator AIKEN. And it comprises all groups, classes, colors, and religions?

Mr. ARONSON. That is right.

Senator CHAVEZ. You may proceed.

Mr. ARONSON. I have a prepared statement here which I should like to read.

Senator CHAVEZ. May I make one inquiry, and it is not personal? Will you give us a little something about your own background, training, and so forth?

Mr. ARONSON. I have had experience in industry myself as an employer. I am a graduate of Harvard College and the School of Social Service Administration of the University of Chicago. And I have worked in the employment field from the point of view of placement and occupational guidance.

Senator AIKEN. Then your work is social work, full-time social work? Mr. ARONSON. That is right.

Senator CHAVEZ. Proceed.

Mr. ARONSON. I was going to comment before reading my statement on one or two things that impressed me particularly at the hearings here this morning.

I struck up a conversation with a reporter who was covering these hearings and I was told by him that he had been assigned to these hearings by the Office of War Information for the purpose of sending a report of what was happening to countries throughout the world, and I couldn't help but think of what the reaction would be in these countries throughout the world, countries of our allies, Latin-American countries, Burma, China, and I was wondering what their reaction would be as they read the testimony that was presented here this morning, and I wondered particularly what their reaction would be to our claims to democratic leadership when they read of the incident that occurred in the Senate Office Building, the citadel of our democracy. The thing that amazed me and puzzled me is this. I am puzzled by the fact that a discussion of this bill, a bill that seems to me to get down to basic democracy, which involves a discussion of things for which we are fighting this war, because the essence of the war is the ideas that will govern us after the war, has brought out only two Senators who were able to find the time to participate in these discussions.

Senator CHAVEZ. That is due to the work of the Senate. Nearly every Senator belongs to five or six, or maybe seven committees, and at times it is impossible for the individual Senators to attend the many committee meetings that are going on the same day. I think you will find, however, that they will read the hearings.

You may proceed with your statement.

Mr. ARONSON. Chicago is one of the great industrial centers of our Nation. It is often referred to as "hog butcher to the world;" it is the mail order center of the world; it is one of the greatest railway centers in the world, and it is one of our chief war production centers. I have no desire to appear as an agent of the Chicago Chamber of

Commerce, and I cite these facts simply because the problem of employment discrimination is, I believe, not a minority-groups problem, or a problem on the social plane, but rather a problem in industrial relationships. Our experience and sentiments in Chicago, therefore, are probably somewhat similar to the experience and sentiments of most industrial areas, and it is those areas that will be most directly and immediately affected by post-war economic dislocation and industrial strife unless adequate safeguards, including the establishment of a permanent Fair Employment Practice Commission, are provided for by Congress.

Chicago, like most industrial centers, and perhaps even more so, is a melting pot. In terms of national stock, it combines a German city larger than Bremen, an Italian city larger than Venice, a Polish city nearly half the size of Warsaw, a Russian city larger than Stalingrad, and an Irish city nearly twice the size of Cork. In addition, Chicago is the second largest ÑNegro city in the world, the third largest Bohemian city in the world, the third largest Norwegian city in the world, and the fourth largest Swedish city in the world. It contains the largest Lithuanian, Croatian, and Greek settlements in the United States, the second largest Jewish settlement, it has upward of 30,000 Mexicans, and a populous Chinatown.

The Chicago Council Against Racial and Religious Discrimination, which I have the privilege of representing here today, is a federation of thirty-odd organizations whose membership is drawn from practically all of those diverse groups. The organizations affiliated with the council include church bodies and trade-unions, civic groups, and social agencies. Among our officers are labor leaders and the head of a large brokerage firm, a college president, and a municipal court judge. We have lawyers, educators and social workers, Jew and gentile, white, Negro, Mexican, and Japanese-American. And we have representation from the one group which truthfully can claim to be full-blooded Americans, a group which, nevertheless, has itself felt the sting of employment discrimination, the American Indian. mention all this in order to emphasize that our appeal for a permanent Fair Employment Practice Commission, adequately staffed, adequately financed, and with adequate powers of enforcement, does not stem merely from the minorities which are discriminated against, but is the expression of a broad cross section of public opinion in Chicago which believes that since discrimination in employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin corrodes democracy as a whole, it must be fought by democracy as a whole.

As further evidence of the widespread support which the principle of nondiscrimination enjoys in Chicago, you may be interested to learn that on June 25, the third anniversary of the Executive order which gave birth to the F. E. P. C., the mayor issued an official proclamation setting aside that date as Fair Employment Practice Day.

I won't read the proclamation, but it is simply pointed out that as a result of the activities of the F. E. P. C., employment had been secured for thousands of workers in jobs which previously had been closed to them, and that these workers had greatly increased the production of war materials and that the war industries of today are. the peace industries of tomorrow.