that no judgment shall be set aside or reversed unless "it shall appear that the error complained of has injuriously affected the substantial rights of the parties." In connection with the hearings on the first of these bills there is reprinted an article by W. F. Dodd, on The United States Supreme Court as the Final Interpreter of the Federal Constitution, which appeared in the Illinois Law Review of December, 1911. (Reforms in Legal Procedure, Hearings, Washington, 1912, Pp. 65).

Among the more important books announced for Spring publication are: The Origin of the English Constitution, by George Burton Adams (Yale University press); Wisconsin, An Experiment in Democracy, by Frederic C. Howe (Scribners); The Initiative, Referendum and Recall, A Symposium, edited by William Bennett Munro (Appleton); The Regulation of Municipal Utilities, A Symposium, edited by Clyde L. King (Appleton); Our Judicial Oligarchy, by Gilbert E. Roe (Huebsch); American-Japanese Relations, by Kiyoshi Kawakami (Revell); Diplomatic Activities of the American Navy in the Far East, by C. O. Paullin (Johns Hopkins Press); South America, by James Bryce (Macmillan).

A number of books have appeared recently which are of interest to political scientists: The Modern Woman's Rights Movement, by Kaethe Schirmacher (Macmillan, pp. 280); The Referendum among the English, by S. R. Honey, (Macmillan, pp. 114); Annexation, Preferential Trade and Reciprocity, by C. D. Allin and George M. Jones (Toronto, Musson Book Co., pp. 398); Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III, by Thomas Erskine May, revised and continued to 1911 by Bernard Holland (Longmans, Green and Co. 3 vols); The Rights of Minorities, by George Jellinek, translated from the German by A. M. and Thomas Baty, (London, King); Recent Administration in Virginia, by F. A. Magruder (Johns Hopkins Studies); Attitude of American Courts in Labor Cases, by George G. Groat (Columbia University Studies); The Wisconsin Idea, by Charles McCarthy (Macmillan).

Prof. John Bassett Moore has undertaken to prepare for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace a new edition of his History and Digest of International Arbitrations. The work is to be brought down to date, and cast in such form as to enable it to be indefinitely continued

so as to constitute a permanent and continuing source of authority. It is to include all arbitrations ancient as well as modern. In the original work the earlier arbitrations, and also the later arbitrations to which the United States was not in some way a party, were briefly summarized in fine print in the 5th volume. These will now be given in their proper order, their history will be fully narrated, and they will have the prominence to which they are entitled. It is intended to make the new edition final, so that all that will be needed hereafter will be to add new arbitrations as they occur. The work will include formal mediations and the proceedings of domestic commissions established for the adjustment of international claims.

It is planned to continue this work by the publication of new arbitration cases as they are decided. Decisions of the Permanent Hague Court will be included, and will in addition be separately published so as to form an independent series.

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace will establish at the Hague an international academy for theoretical and scientific instruction in international law and cognate subjects. This academy will not compete with existing institutions, but will have its sessions in August, September and October, and its faculty will be drawn from the leading teachers and authorities of the world at large.

Two French manuals for consuls and diplomatic officers appeared almost simultaneously in 1910. One of these works is R. Monnet's Manuel diplomatique et consulaire (3rd ed., Paris, Berger-Levrault, pp. 730). In the form of a dictionary the author has analyzed the information contained in the official instructions for consuls and other laws and relevant decrees of the government. It is intended as a vade-mecum for consuls and Frenchmen abroad, and is eminently practical in nature.

The other, by J. Pillaut, Manuel de droit consulaire (Paris, BergerLevrault, pp. 281) is more theoretical in its nature, although its practical purposes have not been overlooked. Besides the legislation and official instructions, the author has drawn upon the treaties and administrative jurisprudence of the French courts. The book is valuable for its delimitations of consular jurisdiction in specific classes of cases, where consular and local authorities often conflict. An interesting introduction by Camille Jordan, an authority on consular

law, is marked by a carefully selected bibliography of works on consular jurisdiction in the different countries.

Documents on the State-Wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall (New York, The Macmillan Co., pp. viii, 394), is a useful collection of source material on these recent political institutions, prepared by Professor Charles A. Beard and Birl E. Shultz of Columbia University. The larger part of the volume consists of the constitutional provisions for the initiative and referendum, adopted or proposed, in twenty-two states. To these are added the provisions in regard to the recall in five states, selections from statutes providing for the initiative, referendum and recall in municipal government in Ohio, Iowa and New Jersey, and half a dozen judicial decisions on these topics. An appendix presents in full a draft of a plan for further changes in the government of Oregon which have been urged by the leaders of the new political methods in that state. In an introductory note, Professor Beard presents a sympathetic analysis of these methods of direct popular government and the results thus far attained.

Quite a different sort of collection is the volume of Readings on Parties and Elections in the United States, by Chester Lloyd Jones of the University of Wisconsin. (New York, The Macmillan Co., pp. xv, 354). This consists of a considerable number of selections, mostly from books, speeches, and articles, with a few extracts from original sources, on party organization, elections, the ballot and political reforms. Most of the selections are readily accessible elsewhere; but the collection will be found convenient for college classes.

Problems of Local Government, by G. Montague Harris, Secretary to the County Councils Association of England and Wales, (London, P. S. King and Son, pp. ix, 464), consists of a comparative summary of the papers on local government presented at the first international congress of the administrative sciences, held at Brussels in July, 1910, with the various papers on British institutions published in full. The summary contains brief descriptions of local institutions in several countries for which no accounts have been available in English; and the papers on Great Britain give valuable data on the working of local government in that country. Perhaps the most significant feature of the book is the favorable opinion expressed of

the French system of administrative courts, in contrast to the attitude of Professor Dicey and other English writers.

Students of economics and politics will welcome the contribution of Dr. Chen Huan-Chang on the Economic Principles of Confucius and His School. (Columbia University Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, Vol. 44. Pp. 756). The subject is treated in accordance with the present general principles of economics containing an historical introduction, books on general economic principles, on consumption, production, distribution, socialistic policies, and public finance. It is interesting to note (p. 144) that Confucius was in favor of abolishing war and changing the then existing military society into an industrial society; that he believed in (p. 535) the state control of prices for the purpose of destroying monopoly and maintaining a competitive system; that he advocated (p. 558) public ownership of natural monopolies and that under the influence of his teaching, the government actually bought and sold commodities, buying them in days of plenty and selling them in days of scarcity in order to maintain the "level standard" of prices. Students of the present day political, social and economic problems will find that many of the so-called radical policies of today were anticipated in theory and to a certain extent in practice under the influence of the economic teachings of Confucius and his school.

Mr. C. Hanford Henderson has published a book on social problems entitled Pay Day (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911, pp. 339). Mr. Henderson's main thesis is that the present industrial order is not only indefensible but is absolutely destructive to all of the things most worth while in this life. Profit in Mr. Henderson's eyes is a demon, destroying ideals, beauty, utility and goodness. While Mr. Henderson's book contains many propositions that are undoubtedly sound, it is full of errors, such for example as confounding money with wealth and interest with payments for the use of a medium of exchange. In spite of the errors and inconsistencies, Mr. Henderson is fundamentally sound in one of his demands, viz: for a farther extension of the present educational scheme into the field of economics, politics and sociology.

Miss Ida M. Tarbell's The Tariff in Our Times (The Macmillan Co., New York, 1911, pp. 375), is full of interesting anecdotes in regard

to public men, the press, and organizations for the purpose of promoting special tariff schedules. She, however, gives no references and therefore it is difficult to determine upon what evidence she makes her statements. While following the historical order, the book cannot for a moment be considered a systematic presentation of the tariff history of the United States nor a discriminating essay regarding the effects of the tariff upon industrial development.

The Principles of Bond Investments by Lawrence Chamberlain (New York, Henry Holt, 1911, pp. 551) is the first attempt at a comprehensive treatise on the subject of bond investments in the United States. To students of political science, the chapters upon United States bonds, the history of the state debts, the security of state bonds, county bonds, town bonds, and tax district bonds are of especial interest. To these subjects 137 pages are given and they are treated from the historical, legal and economic standpoint. In addition, the book contains chapters on the general subject of investments, corporation bonds and on the mathematics and movement of the bond prices. It is illustrated by nineteen charts.

The Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce, proceeding under Senate resolutions ninety-eight (98) authorizing an investigation in regard to the desirability of changes in the laws regulating and controlling corporations, persons and firms engaged in interstate commerce, has published thirty-two parts of the hearings authorized by the above resolution. The hearings before the committee have been largely given to projects for amendments to the anti-trust act, and with this object in view, a considerable number of interested persons have been heard, both representatives of the corporations and those who are more particularly interested in general industrial progress. In connection with the hearings, a considerable number of proposed bills have been presented and are printed in connection with the hearings.

The discussions of international law situations (Washington, 1911, 132 p.) at the Naval War College in 1911 were concerned with the following topics: Asylum in neutral ports, protection to neutral vessels, destruction of neutral vessels, delivery of contraband at sea, and proportion of contraband. The discussions were as usual conducted by Prof. George Grafton Wilson of Harvard. The notes on