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discretion of the courts over the disposition and commitment of juvenile delinquents to correctional institutions and hospitals was perceptibly increased. Nevada has a rather unique provision. The Governor and the Superintendent of Public Instruction are authorized, up to July 1, 1913 to make contracts with California, Oregon, Idaho or Utah for the care, maintenance and training of juvenile delinquents in the industrial or training schools of those states, and $7500 was appropriated for their tuition and support. Wisconsin, in common with some of the other states, has incorporated a very sensible and humanitarian provision in her law authorizing the courts, if the child be in need of medical attention, to place it for treatment in a public or private hospital. Nine states made changes in the appointment, nomination, number, classification, functions, and compensation of probation and assistant probation officers. Provision was made for temporary detention of juvenile offenders and for the creation, maintenance and supervision of Detention Homes. Montana, Nevada and Washington require the erection of detention houses in counties having a certain designated population, and their supervision by a superintendent and matron." Utah amended her law relating to detention homes so far as to include cities of the second class." Provision was made in Montana and Nevada for the creation and maintenance of Juvenile Improvement Committees. Among the interesting amendments are those providing for the punishment of contributory delinquency, the extension of judicial clemency to felonious culprits, the subsidizing of worthy poor parents, and the shielding of juvenile transgressors so far as possible from humiliating publicity. In Nevada in certain cases of persons over 18 and under 21 years of age who are accused of the commission of a felony, the judge is authorized to investigate the circumstances of the commission of the crime and determine whether the culprit be dealt with as a delinquent or otherwise. In Illinois if the parents of a dependent or neglected child are proper guardians but too poor to properly care for it, the court is authorized to fix the amount necessary to enable the parents

Laws 1911, p. 382.

Laws p. 84.

Laws 1911, p. 539.

8

• Laws 1911, Montana, p. 320; Nevada, p. 382; Washington, p. 310.

Laws 1911, p. 76.

8 Laws 1911, p. 382.

Laws 1911, p. 382.

to properly care for the child and the county board is required to pay the designated sum.10 In Missouri, in counties having a population of from 250,000-500,000, and having a juvenile court, provision is made for the expenditure of not to exceed $12,000 annually out of the county funds for the partial support of poor women whose husbands are dead or convicts when such women are the mothers of children under 14 years of age. The Juvenile Court is charged with the disbursement of the money in sums not to exceed $10 per month when there is one child and $5 for each additional child. The allowance enables the mother and children to live together and obviates the necessity of the mother working regularly away from home." Washington excludes the general public from hearings, the child's record of delinquency is withheld from public inspection and when he reaches the age of twenty-one it is destroyed.12 Montana provides for shielding the trials of juvenile delinquents as far as possible from publicity.13

Delaware. By an Act of April 4, 1911, a Juvenile Court was created for the City of Wilmington. The court is given sole and exclusive jurisdiction in all cases relating to delinquent, dependent or neglected male children 17 years of age or under, and female children 18 years of age or under. The judge is appointed by the Governor for a term of 4 years. Provision is made for the appointment, duties, functions, compensation or gratuitous service of probation officers; for ascertaining delinquencies and securing to the accused a speedy, impartial and non-public trial; and for remanding culprits to correctional institutions. Acts 1911, p. 709.

New York. An Act of July 14, 1911, revised the charter of the city of Buffalo by providing for the establishment of the Children's Court. The jurisdiction of this court extends to all cases involving the delinquency of persons 16 years of age and under and the concurrent jurisdiction to the contributory delinquency of adults. The court is divided into two parts, one the children's court, the other for the trial of adults. The Judge is elected for a term of 10 years, any resident elector of Buffalo being eligible, removable by the appellate division of the Supreme court, and his compensation is fixed by the common council. The Judge is required to appoint at least three probation officers, one of whom must be a woman, their compensation being

10 Laws 1911, p. 126.

11 Laws 1911, p. 120. 12 Laws 1911, p. 310.

13 Laws 1911, p. 320.

provided by the common council. The city is required to provide a detention home presided over by a superintendent. Delinquent children may be judged in need of care and protection or subjected to merited punishment. (Laws 1911, p. 1729.)

Tennessee. During the session of 1911, the Legislature of Tennessee passed two Acts, one approved March 28, creating a Juvenile Court for Hamilton county, containing the city of Chattanooga, the other approved July 3, creating a Juvenile court for Knox county, containing the city of Knoxville. The Hamilton county court is held by the Judge of the City court of Chattanooga; the juvenile judge of Knox county is elected by the qualified voters for the constitutional period. Both courts are given original and exclusive jurisdiction in the enforcement of laws regulating the conduct of dependent or delinquent children of 16 years of age and under. Probation and assistant probation officers are appointed by the judge. Disciplinary punishment is accurately prescribed. The court of Hamilton county is given jurisdiction over the contributory delinquency of adults; Knox county is required to provide separate places of detentions for white and colored offenders. (Laws 1911, p. 488 and 1569)

Arkansas, Florida and North Dakota. The juvenile court laws of Arkansas, Florida and North Dakota contain most of the provisions of the more approved state laws on this subject. Juvenile courts were established in the several counties of these states. These courts are held by the respective county judges and their jurisdiction is made to extend to all dependent, neglected or delinquent children 17 and 18 years of age and under. In Arkansas, one chief probation officer and any number of assistants at salaries not to exceed $1200 and $900 respectively, except in sparsely settled countries, are appointed by the respective county courts. In Florida, the Governor is required to appoint at least one probation officer in each county, for a term of 4 years, and as many assistants, of either sex, as the business may require, and when paid, their compensation is fixed by the county commissioners. The juvenile officers of North Dakota are appointed by the district courts, they serve without pay, may be of either sex, the number so appointed is not fixed by statute. In the disposition of delinquent or dependent children, the courts are authorized to place such juvenile offenders in their own homes, or in a reputable family under probation, remand them to training schools or other juvenile institutions, or when the health of the child is impaired, to place them

in public or private hospitals where they may receive proper medical attention.

Children under 12 and 14 years of age may not be committed to common jails or police stations, but proper places of detention and confinement must be provided. Arkansas and North Dakota created a Board of Visitation, composed of 6 reputable men and women, appointed by the juvenile judge, who serve without pay and are required to visit all child-receiving institutions at least once annually. In Arkansas, the parents of delinquent children, if financially able, are required to contribute to their support. In Florida, when the juvenile offender is less than 16 years of age, sentence may in certain cases be suspended or withheld. (Laws of 1911: Arkansas, p. 166; Florida, p. 181; North Daktoa, p. 266.)

CHARLES KETTLEBOROUGH.

Life Insurance Legislation of 1911. Laws enacted by the several states in 1911 brought the total number of statutory requirements affecting the institution of life insurance and its holders of thirty million policies up to about forty-five hundred. This figure does not include the requirements affecting domestic companies solely, with the exception of New York state. Were those to be added, the number would be much larger. Domestic laws should be considered in any general review of life insurance legislation, but there is no compilation of them, as it is not needed for practical purposes. No one company is subject to all the laws governing domestic and foreign companies. in all states. But there are several which have to adjust themselves to the laws governing foreign companies in practically all the states, in addition to the domestic companies' laws of their respective home states. Therefore, there are some companies the larger oneswhich operate under nearly all the forty-five hundred requirements referred to. This gives one view of the present magnitude of the supervision of the business of life insurance by the states, in its practical application.

As to the character of these requirements, they range from broad principles of supervision to regulation of minute business details. In other words, some states believe that while the managers should be held responsible for the operation of their companies their judgment should not be restricted by a multitude of legal enactments. Other states, besides holding the managers responsible, also provide in detail as to how they shall perform various parts of their managerial

functions. Laws dealing specifically with the business of life insurance might be classified under the following broad groupings:

Regulating the administrative functions of the companies, including election of directors and officers, apportionment and limitation of expenses, compensation to agents, investment of capital stock and assets, maintenance of reserves, distribution of surplus to policyholders, keeping of records and accounts, provision for medical examinations, preparation and filing of reports, including annual statement, etc.

Pertaining to the rights of the insured, including provisions that guarantee their use of the reserve accumulations on their policies in event of lapse or surrender; loans on their policies; phraseology that makes the policy clear and not susceptible of misrepresentation, etc.

Dealing with the conduct and ethics of the business, including prohibition of rebating by agents, and use of misleading statements or incomplete comparisons tending to induce policyholders to lapse, forfeit or surrender their insurance.

Regulation of companies in their organization stage, including various provisions designed to prevent deception in promotion and sale of stock to the public.

Taxation and fees.

Functions and powers of state Insurance Departments, including valuation of policies, examinations of companies and determining solvency of same, licensing of companies and agents, filing of various reports made by companies, collection of taxes and fees, enforcement of laws and penalties, etc.

In addition to these groupings of laws specifically applying to life insurance there are many other statutes of general effect which concern the business, including regulations with respect to investments generally and their taxation; corporation laws requiring annual and special reports to be made to state officials, in addition to those furnished to the insurance supervision authorities; acts relative to corrupt practices and registration of legislative counsel, and anti-trust legislation so broadly drawn as to require reports and statements from life insurance companies.

While in theory all laws dealing with life insurance are supposed to be based primarily on the idea of protecting the interests of policyholders, as a matter of fact they are really approached from various viewpoints. Undoubtedly most of the legislation dealing with the administrative functions of the company, policy provisions, the conduct of the business and departmental supervision is approached from

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