recognizes the full civil responsibility of all functionaries whenever they violate the constitution or laws. In Austria, however, the civil irresponsibility of functionaries is still the rule. In Holland there is as yet no general law on the subject but various special laws have been enacted providing that functionaries shall be civilly responsible to individuals for certain injurious acts. In France, where the principle of the separation of powers formerly occupied such an important place in the jurisprudence of the country, an authorization of the Council of State was necessary to enable an injured individual to prosecute a functionary. The protection thus afforded was wholly inadequate but the Council of State by a liberal interpretation as to who were functionaries from time to time enlarged the privilege to prosecute. The Charter of 1830 promised a general law on the responsibility of functionaries but the promise was never fulfilled. A similar promise was made under the Republic of 1848 but it too failed of realization. Finally in 1870 the requirement of an authorization to prosecute was abolished and the principle of civil responsibility was established. However, the jurisprudence of the Council of State makes a distinction between injuries committed through the personal fault of the functionary and those committed in the exercise of his public functions (fault of service). For the former faults they are civilly responsible, before the judicial tribunals, to private individuals; for the latter they are still irresponsible though the state according to the existing jurisprudence assumes the responsibility in such cases. Monsieur NesmesDesmarets expresses the hope that in time the civil responsibility of judicial magistrates will also be provided for, as they are already responsible for certain judicial errors.

The question of electoral reform, now and for several years past, the leading political issue in France, has been made the subject of two doctoral dissertations: La Refórme Electorale en France, by Jules-Louis Chardon (Rousseau, Paris, 1910, pp. 329) and La Representation Proportionnelle devant le Parlement Français, by Gaston Tronqual (Masson, Poitiers, 1910, pp. 162). Both authors pass in review the history of the movement since its inception, both analyze the causes of the dissatisfaction with the present system, that is to say the method of scrutin uninominal with majority representation only, and both discuss the reforms that have been suggested. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods of scrutin d'arrondissement and scrutin de liste are dwelt upon by both writers and the experience of France with both systems is reviewed at length. Monsieur Tronqual has little

to say in favor of the former method and he is a pronounced partisan of the system of scrutin de liste with proportional representation. Monsieur Chardon's study is more impartial and he does not feel so sure of all the merits claimed for proportional representation. He points out much more fully than Monsieur Tronqual the dangers of the system and expresses serious doubt as to its efficacy as a remedy for the existing evils. Altogether this study is much the more thorough, valuable and convincing. Both studies however are very interesting and nowhere else can one find the question of electoral reform in France so fully treated in its various aspects. The subject was debated at great length in the Chamber of Deputies in 1909 and the Chamber approved the principle of the scrutin de liste with proportional representation by a decided majority only to rescind its action after the Briand government had threatened to raise the question of confidence. At the elections of 1910 the question was the leading issue and the principle was approved by a large majority of the electors. The Poincaré ministry upon its accession at the beginning of the present year declared itself in favor of reform and the question is now being again debated by the Chamber of Deputies. The opinion of the country is clearly pronounced but the issue in the Chambers is doubtful.*

*In the preparation of these notes assistance has been received from Professors Blaine F. Moore and J. W. Garner.

LIST OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS IN POLITICAL

SCIENCE

A list of doctoral dissertations in progress in the field of history is annually issued by the Department of Historical Research of the Carnegie Institution, and a similar list for political economy is annually published, the list of dissertations in political economy for 1912 appearing in the American Economic Review for June, 1912. In one or the other of these lists may be found most of the dissertations of interest to students of political science, but a number of political science dissertations are included in neither of these lists. The following list, has been compiled partly from responses received from the several universities, and partly from the published lists of historical and economic dissertations. A date where given after the dissertation title indicates the probable date of completion. For the year 1911 a list similar to that given below appeared in the August, 1911, number of this Review. (Vol. V, p. 456.)

BROWN

L. B. Shippee, A. B. Brown, 1903; A. M. 1904. The early Constitutional History of Oregon.

BRYN MAWR

Mary P. Clarke, A. B. Kansas, 1904; A. M., 1906. The Board of Trade, 16961783.

Margaret S. Morriss, A. B. Woman's College of Baltimore, 1904. Maryland under the Royal Government, 1689-1715.

CALIFORNIA

C. J. Du Four, A. B. Wisconsin, 1902. Diplomatic Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1821-?

CHICAGO

F. B. Carver, A. B. Nebraska, 1909. History and Critical Examination of the Taxation System of Illinois.

E. F. Colburn, Miami, 1907; A. M. Cincinnati, 1908. The Republican Party in Ohio, 1854-1865.

J. F. Ebersole, Ph. B. Chicago, 1907; A. M. Harvard, 1909. History of the National Banking System, 1864-1874.

Frederic B. Garver, A. B. Nebraska, 1909. The Subvention in American State Finance. 1912.

Charles K. Guild, A. B. Manitoba, 1909. Trade Relations between Canada and the United States. 1913.

Cleo Heraon, Ph. B. Chicago, 1903; Ph. M., 1909. The Secession Movement in Mississippi.

Howard A. Hubbard, A. B. Ohio Wesleyan University, 1904; A. M., 1906. The History of the Government Regulation of Railroads in the United States since 1906. 1913.

The Congressional Caucus.

John Lilburne and the Levellers.

H. A. McGill, A. B. Butler, 1902. T. C. Pease, Ph. B. Chicago, 1907. J. R. Robertson, A. B. Beloit, 1904. The Republican Party in Illinois, 1854-1872. A. P. Scott, A. B. Princeton, 1904; B. D. Chicago Theological Seminary, 1910. A Comparative Study of the Criminal Legislation of Massachusetts and Virginia in Colonial Times.

S. R. Weaver, A. B. McMaster, 1910. History of the Taxation System of Canada. E. J. Woodhouse, A. B. Randolph-Macon, 1903; LL. B. Virginia, 1907. The Development of the Judicial System in Virginia before 1860.

COLUMBIA

Israel Samuel Alderblum, A. B. College of the City of New York, 1908; A. M. Columbia, 1909. The Valuation of Railways. 1912.

Thomas A. Beal, A. B. Utah, 1906. The Valuation of Franchises. 1912.

F. O. Berge. Corrupt Practice Acts in the United States.

Roy G. Blakey, Ph.B. Drake, 1905; A. M. Colorado, 1910. The Beet Sugar Industry of the United States. 1912.

O. G. Cartwright, A. B. Yale, 1893; A. M., 1901. A History of the American Consular System. 1912.

S. W. Colvin.

lature.

The Bi-Cameral System as Exemplified in the New York Legis

Earl Crecraft, A. B. Franklin. Political Doctrines of James Madison.

W. W. Davis, B. S. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 1903; M.S., 1904; A. M. Columbia, 1906. The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida.

James Levi Deming, A. B. Cincinnati, 1889; A. M. Bethany, 1900; Graduate Student Yale, 1908-1910. Immigration to the United States, 1776-1820. A Critical Study of Its Causes and Effects. 1912.

Harriette F. Dilla, A. B. Michigan, 1908; A. M., 1909. The Politics of Michigan during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Published.

W. E. Dunn, A. B. Texas, 1909; A. M. Leland Stanford, 1910. The Office of President in the Latin-American Republics.

W. W. Feigenbaum, A. B. Columbia, 1907; A. M., 1908. Ratification of the Federal Constitution in New York.

Alexander Fleisher, A. B. Pennsylvania, 1908; A. M. Wisconsin, 1911. The Enforcement of Labor Laws with Special Reference to Child Labor. 1913.

H. S. Gilbertson, A. B. California, 1903. Minor Political Parties since 1865. Howard Charles Green, A. B. College of the City of New York, 1902. The Radical Movement of the American Revolution. 1912.

Robert M. Haig, A. B. Ohio Wesleyan, 1908; A. M. Illinois, 1909. A History of Taxation in Illinois. 1912.

W. P. Hall, A. B. Yale, 1906. English Political Societies, 1789-1795.

F. A. Higgins, A. B. Columbia, 1908; A. M. 1909. History of the Doctrine of Quia Emptores.

R. R. Hill, A. B. Eureka, 1900. The Office of the Viceroy in Colonial Spanish America.

C. L. F. Huth, A. B. Wisconsin, 1904; A. M., 1905. The Right of Asylum in the Greco-Roman World.

B. B. Kendrick, B. S. Mercer, 1905. The Work of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866-1867.

Howard C. Kidd, A. B. Geneva, 1908; A. M. Columbia, 1911. The Development from Laissez-faire to Legislative Control in the United States. 1913.

E. P. Kilroe, A. B. Columbia, 1904; A. M., 1905; LL. B., 1906. The Origin and Development of the Society of Tammany in the City of New York.

S. S. Laucks. The Pennsylvania Legislature: A Study in Representative Government.

Oswald W. Knauth, A. B. Harvard, 1909. The Anti-trust Law. 1913.

V. K. W. Koo. The Status of Aliens in China.

Y. Ma. Budget Making in American Cities.

Louis Mayers. State Courts as Final Interpreters of the Federal Constitution. J. R. McCain, A. B. Erskin, 1900; A. M., 1906; LL. B. Mercer, 1907; A. M. Chicago, 1911. Georgia as a Proprietary Province.

W. G. McLoughlin, A. B. College of St. Francis Xavier, 1907; A. M. Columbia, 1911. The Taxation of Corporations in New Jersey. 1913.

A. B. Mead, A. B. Miami, 1909. Charity School Legislation in the Early Half of the Ninteenth Century and its Relation to the Development of the Public School System.

Belle W. Montgomery, A. B. Winthrop, 1901; A. M. Columbia, 1907. The Attitude of President Grant towards the South.

W. T. Morrey, A. B. Ohio State, 1888; A. M. New York, 1893. Bolivar and the Spanish-American Revolution.

R. W. Patterson, A. B. Oberlin, 1904; A. M. Columbia, 1910. The National Republican Party between 1878 and 1888.

A. E. Peterson, A. B. Tufts, 1888; A. M., 1892. New York as an EighteenthCentury Municipality.

Elsie M. Rushmore, A. B. Vassar, 1906; A. M. Columbia, 1908. The Indian Policy during Grant's Administration.

E. B. Russell, Ph. B. Vermont, 1906. Action of the Privy Council cn Colonial Legislation.

Yetta Scheftel, A. B. Northwestern, 1908; A. M. Chicago, 1907; Berlin, 1908-1909. Theory and Practice of Land Taxation. 1912.

Edward Schuster, A. B. Columbia, 1902. Early History of English Equity.

D. C. Sowers, B. A. Baker, 1904. The Financial History of New York State since 1789.

H. A. Stebbins, Ph. B. Syracuse, 1906; Ph. M., 1907. Party Politics in New York State after 1865.

C. Mildred Thompson, A. B. Vassar, 1903; A. M. Columbia, 1907. The Social and Economic Reconstruction of Georgia.

J. B. Todd, A. B. Dickinson, 1887; A. M., 1890. The Era of Civil War and Reconstruction in Delaware.

Leslie Vickers, A. B. Sydney (N. S. W.), 1908; A. M. Glasgow (Scotland), 1910; B. D., Union Theological Seminary, 1911. The Arbitration Court in Australia. 1912.