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pour, and sphaira, a globe or ball) is an invisible fluid which surrounds the earth, extending every way, about forty-five miles from the earth's surface.

Q. In what does the atmosphere differ from other fluids? A. 1. It is invisible. 2. It is of different densities, being much more dense near the surface of the earth, than at a greater distance from it. 3. It may be compressed or expanded; that which commonly occupies a large space may `be compressed into a very small space, and the contrary. 4. It is not congealable by frost, as most other fluids are. In short, it has the properties of density, rarity, transparency, and elasticity.

Q. What is the use of the air or atmosphere ?

A. It is necessary to animal and vegetable life. It buoys up the vapours or clouds, without which we should have no rains. The atmosphere is the medium through which sound and light are conveyed. Without it we should have no musick, no smell, no light, nor be able to converse with one another, nor even to breathe.

Q. What is wind?

A. Wind is nothing more than a part of the atmosphere put in motion, less or more.

Q. From what cause does this arise?

A. Principally from heat and cold, which are excited in the air. Heat expands the air, and cold condenses it. And when the air is put in motion, we call it wind in general; and a breeze, gale, or storm, according to the quickness or velocity of that motion.

Q. What winds are called the tropical winds?

A. The tropical winds are such as blow from some particular point of the compass, without much variation. They are of three kinds: 1. Tl general Trade Winds, which extend to nearly 30 degrees on each side of the equator, in the Atlantick and Pacifick oceans. They blow constantly from the east. They are caused, 1st, by the sun's heating and rarifying that part of the atmosphere under him, which will cause the cold dense air to rush in from the north and south, to restore an equilibrium; and 2dly, by the rotation of the earth on its axis, from west to east, by which means a current of air from east to west, is produced.

2. The Monsoons, or shifting trade winds, which blow six months in one direction, and the other six months in an opposite direction. These are mostly in the Indian ocean. Their

change is at the vernal and autumnal equinox, and is accompanied with terrible storms of thunder, lightning and rain.

3. The sea and land breezes, which are another kind of periodical winds, that blow from the land, from midnight until noon; and from the sea, from about noon until midnight. These do not extend above two or three leagues from the shore.

SECTION VIII.

OF EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA AND AMERICA.

Q. WHAT are the four grand divisions or quarters of the globe?

A. Europe, Asia, Africa and America.

Q Where is Europe situated?

A. EUROPE is situated between the 36th and 72d degrees north latitude; and between the 10th degree west, and the 65th degree east, longitude from London.

Q. What is the length, and what the breadth, of Europe? A. Europe is about 3000 miles in length, from east to west; and about 2500 miles in breadth, from north to south. Q. How is Europe bounded?

A. Europe is bounded on the north, by the Northern Ocean; on the east, by Asia; on the south, by the Mediterranean Sea, which separates it from Africa; and on the west by the Atlantick Ocean.

Q. What are the kingdoms and states in Europe?
A. Europe contains the following kingdoms and states :
Chief Cities. Latitude. Longitude.

380 300 London

Kingdoms.
England
Scotland
Ireland

Lgth., Brth.

300 150 Edinburgh

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51-31 N.

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Norway
Denmark

Sweden

Russia

Poland

King of Prussia's
Dominions

Germany
Bohemia

285 160 Dublin

1000 300 Bergen
240 180 Copenhagen
800 500 Stockholm
1500 1100 Petersburgh
700 680 Warsaw
609 350 Berlin

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Piedmont, Montserrat, Milan, Parma, Modena,

Mantua, Venice, Genoa, &c.

240 120 Rome

141-58 N.

12-34 E.,

Naples

280 120 Naples

40-50 N.

14-18 E.

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Q. What are the principal mountains in Europe?

A. The ridge of high mountains between Norway and Sweden, called the Norwegian Alps; the Pyrenees which divide France from Spain; the Alps, which divide Italy from France, Switzerland, and Germany; and the Appennines which extend almost the whole length of Italy.

Q. What are the principal rivers in Europe?

A. The Wolga, the Danube, the Rhine, the Rhone, the Loire, the Garonne, the Seine, and the Thames.

Q. What are the principal islands in Europe?

A. Exclusive of the British Isles, Europe contains the following principal islands.

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60 25 Rhodes 150 70 Nicosia

Q Where is Asia situated?

A. ASIA is situated between the equator and the 80th degree north latitude; and between the 25th and the 180th degrees east longitude.

Q. What is the length and breadth of Asia?

A. Asia is about 4740 miles in length, and about 4380 miles in breadth.

18 Cephalonia

25 Negropont

35-18 N.

25-23 E.

36—20 N. 28-00 E.

Q. How is Asia bounded?

A. Asia is bounded on the north, by the Northern Ocean; on the east, by the Pacifick Ocean; on the south, by the Indian Ocean, and on the west, by the Mediterranean Sea, which separates it from Europe, and by the Red Sea, which divides it from Africa.

Q. What are the countries and kingdoms in Asia?
A. Asia contams the following countries, kingdoms and

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Q. What are the principal mountains in Asia?

A. The Olympus, the Taurus, the Anti-taurus, the Caucasus, Mount Ararat, Mount Lebanon, Mount Hermon, Mount Sinai, and Mount Horeb.

Q. Which are the principal rivers in Asia?

A. The Obey, which separates Asia from Europe, the Wolga, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Jordan, the Indus, the Ganges, the Burrampooter, the Ava, the Argun, and the Lena. Q. What are the principal islands in Asia?

A. Asia contains the following principal islands.

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Q. Where is Africa situated?

A. AFRICA is situated between the 37th degree north, and the 34th degree south latitude; and between the 17th degree west, and the 51st degree east longitude.

Q. What is the length, and what the breadth, of Africa? A. Africa is about 4300 miles in length; and about 3500 miles in breadth.

Q How is Africa bounded?

A. Africa is bounded on the north, by the Mediterranean Sea, which divides it from Europe; on the east, by the isthmus of Suez, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean; on the south, by the Southern Ocean; and on the west, by the Atlantick Ocean.

Q. What are the principal countries, kingdoms, and states in Africa?

A Africa contains the following countries, kingdoms,

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