influence. Mr. Carroll always on the lookout for the interest of Maryland wrote to Governor Howard suggesting that the State select an agent to look after its interest in adjusting claims with the national govern

ment.

Mr. Carroll appeared in the Maryland Senate on Nov. 12th and was put on a committee with Mr. Henry to study the subject of revising the State Constitution. Mr. Carroll was re-elected to the United States Senate during this session of the Maryland Assembly.

Upon the adjournment of the Maryland Senate Mr. Carroll hurried to Philadelphia to take his seat in the United States Senate. Philadelphia was made the temporary seat of government for ten years by the Potomac act and Congress met here December, 1790.

Congress over, he went in March, to make a study of the Baltimore Iron Works with the idea of improving conditions there. At the second session of the first Congress the North Carolina Senators appeared and were seated. North Carolina had by this time ratified the Constitution. Mr. Maclay, a leading Anti-Federalist, (Democrat) says of Washington, "he is only a man but a very fine one. We have nothing to fear from him but much from the precedents he will establish."

By this time John Adams was beginning to show a kind of resentment or spite toward Mr. Carroll. Both were Federalists and both had taken the radical side in the Continental Congress. But Adams had three objections to Mr. Carroll. The first was Mr. Carroll's great wealth, the second that he was a Roman Catholic and the third that Carroll, Washington and Franklin had carried to success the French support and alliance without him. In fact they had done it in spite of him for he acted in a way to cause that work to be harder to accomplish. Mr. Maclay gives a conversation

between Adams and Carroll that took place in his presence in which Adams almost passed the line of gentility in speaking of Mr. Carroll's estate which he called an Empire.

On the 22nd of April the news of the death of Benjamin Franklin reached the country. Mr. Carroll, his most confidential friend in public life, moved that the Senators wear crape for a month in honor of his memory, as the House had resolved to do. Mr. Maclay says, "I seconded the motion but as some one objected because crape had not been worn for Grayson, Mr. Carroll looked at me. I nodded and he withdrew the motion. Chas. Carroll of Carrollton felt deeply the death of his close friend. They had made the trip to Canada together and earnestly and successfully they had planned and worked and struggled for the assistance of France in the cause of the colonies.

Rhode Island had not ratified the Constitution of the United States and there was much ado about what should be done with that State. Mr. Carroll reported a bill to cut off intercourse and to prevent her sending any goods into the United States. The bill was amended in immaterial ways and put upon its passage. The question of State Rights was here raised as a live issue for the first time. The Federalists voted for the bill and the Anti-Federalists, (Democrats) voted against it.

Congress met in October and so did the Maryland legislative. Mr. Carroll served his State in the Maryland Senate and John Henry attended the session of the United States Senate. Both men were members of both these bodies.

Mr. Carroll in the Maryland Senate was on two important committees, one for preparing a bill for the relief of insolvent debtors and the other to prepare a State law in connection with ceding the territory to the

United States which should constitute the Federal District.

Mr. Carroll prepared a resolution instructing the Maryland Senators John Henry and Charles Carroll of Carrollton to urge the Senate of the United States to transact its business with open doors.

The Maryland Assembly adjourned and Mr. Carroll went at once to take his seat in the Senate of the United States.

Parties were now well crystalized and in a general way the division was on lines that continued for generations.

Mr. Carroll on October 22, wrote a letter to Hamilton going somewhat into the political situation. He regards the Federalists as the "Friends of Stability, in other words the real friends of the government," and is rather suspicious of the intentions of the other party -the Anti-Federalists.

The Maryland Senate met November 5. It was a busy Senate and a law was passed making United States Senators, members of Congress and others holding office under the United States ineligible as Members of the Maryland Assembly. Mr. Carroll therefore had to give up his position as a Maryland Senator or as a United States Senator. He promptly resigned his place in the United States Senate, preferring to serve his State. This he evidently considered as the most useful and most honorable of the two places. The Militia bill was the burning question of this session. Mr. Carroll wrote a very interesting account of this session to his former colleague Mr. John Henry.

The interest of the State of Maryland in the stock of the Bank of England was still a subject of contention in 1798.

The death of General Washington was announced in the Maryland legislature January 1, 1800.

Charles Carroll and Uriah Forest were named as a committee of the Senate to report an appropriate memorial adress. A writer of that day says, "One never witnessed a more touching sight than those two men standing at the rostrum of the Senate with tears streaming down their cheeks and trying to speak of their loved comrade who had just passed away." This act of paying a personal and public tribute to the man he so loved was one of the last acts of an official nature in the life of Mr. Carroll.

The party of Jefferson, now known as the Republican or Democratic party, having come into power both in Maryland and in National affairs, Charles Carroll of Carrollton retired to private life and gave much of his time to public good in ways that will be told hereafter.

Baltimore town became Baltimore city by action on the report of a committee headed by Mr. Carroll. He also had charge of a bill which became a law providing for an annual lottery in aid of the new city of Washington.

Mr. Carroll was in favor of the gradual abolition of slavery and introduced a bill in the Maryland Senate with this end in view, but it did not pass.

Mr. Carroll, following the traditions of his family and of the Lords Proprietor of Maryland, was always kind, careful and considerate of the Indians. The friendly feeling and just treatment of the Indians of Maryland was everywhere known. There were no massacres of the whites by Indians and little or no swindling of Indians by the white people. The Proprietors made conveyances subject to the claims of the Indians and it was necessary to make a deal with any Indians on it before taking possession of a grant. This was generally easy of accomplishment, for the

Indians, mindful of the vast acreages further back, were usually quite ready to sell out for a consideration. Mr. Carroll knew how to handle the Indians. Both he and his cousin, Rev. John Carroll, had had such experience and full knowledge of the red men as enabled these two men to treat successfully with the Indians of the north and to keep them from joining the British at the commencement of the Revolutionary

war.

During Washington's administration war broke out in what is now the State of Ohio. In 1793, after a treaty with the Miamis and other Indians of that territory had been concluded, the sub-chiefs refused to accept the treaty and went on the war path. The army headquarter was at Fort Washington near the mouth of the Miami river, where the city of Cincinnati now stands, and General St. Clair was designated as commander-in-chief, and sent to quell the outbreak. He left the east with instructions given by General Washington, who was a skilled Indian fighter, and knew the ways of the red men. He sent St. Clair with full instructions and above all impressed on him to beware of a surprise. In spite of all this St. Clair marched his forces from Fort Washington to what is now Mercon county, Ohio, and encamped for the night. Regardless of what Washington had told him, his force was surprised by the Indians and badly beaten, with terrible loss. The country was dazed at such a slaughter of the troops. Hardly such a disaster had occurred during the Revolutionary war likely. The Indians were so elated as to make a terrible Indian war likely. But St. Clair was succeeded by "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Indians were soon so far subdued as to want peace.

At this stage it was necessary for Washington to