they found themselves in the majority and had temporarily wrested the government from the hands of the Lord Proprietor they made laws disfranchising and oppressing the Catholics. The ups and downs of these struggles make a story too tedious to be told in this connection, but no part of it reflects discredit on any of the early descendants or followers of the Lord Proprietor. Loyal and intelligent Marylanders of to-day and of all opinions regardless of religion, are proud of the records of the early Calvert family made in carrying out the views and wishes of the first Lord Baltimore.

.

Maryland was in no sense a penal colony. The people were required to be citizens of respectability from the first. No gentleman was permitted to bring as tenant, retainer, or follower any one who had been convicted or seriously charged with crime.

The Province grew in wealth and importance and its social features became known as distinctive and unique even in that day. There were twelve counties; each a little province of itself and as the Lords of the Manor gave attention to agriculture, education and social affairs, the attendants and tenants labored, builded, planted and reaped; developing the new country much after the manner outlined in the dreams of the first Lord of the Province and aiming at his ideals. Just as you trace the Puritan strain in New England, the Huguenot in New York, the Quaker element in Pennsylvania, the Cavalier tone in Virginia and the Carolinas, so you find the ideals and traditions of the Irish predominating in old Maryland. And these traditions were of the most lofty that human nature, as then developed, was capable of enjoying. These conditions produced such a state of government and secured to all such liberty and happiness as seemed well suited to that day and that stage of civilization.

There was not in the mind of any, an ideal of democracy as developed later. The condition was pleasing, aristocratic and satisfying; and was well in advance of anything that civilization had so far produced. It seemed at that day a satisfactory and progressive state of society. Slavery had not yet thrown its shadow on the country; but, when it came later to Maryland as it came to the other colonies, it warped the conditions and greatly changed the trend of events. But at this time, it had not yet appeared and the settlers were happy in their own ways. Of the people themselves who made up this settlement one of Maryland's historians says in reply to certain criticisms of their narrowness," in the sincerity of their friendships, in the depth of their religious conviction, in the strength of their domestic affections and in general reverence for things sacred, our forefathers far outshine the men of this generation with all its pomp and pride of civilization."

It was to such a people and under such social, political and religious conditions that the first Charles Carroll came from Kings County, Ireland, in 1688, with the hope of peacefully enjoying his religion, his liberty and his wealth.