CONCLUSION

Twentieth century readers, as well as students of the Middle Ages and Elizabethan period, may be interested in the preceding study of the medieval and Elizabethan craftsman in literature.

Modern writers, such as Carlyle, Ruskin, Morris, Whittier, Longfellow, Rolland, Hauptmann, Ibsen, D'Annunzio, and Guiterman revert at times to the master-craftsman and his artistry, or to the medieval guild system, with its original emphasis on co-operation, brotherhood, and equality.

Persistence even to the present day of a theory somewhat like that of the guild may be seen in the fact that the place formerly occupied by the latter is now occupied, to a certain extent, by the Trade Unions, the Mechanics' Association of American cities, the Masonic Order, and Guild Socialism.

Medieval and Elizabethan apprenticeship, though not at any time a perfect system, was a far better method of education for young persons than many of the later forms; e. g., the rigid factory system of the 18th and 19th centuries.

To the modern reader one of the most interesting aspects of this study is found in the treatment of the self-made man, whose rise to prominence presents a few parallels to the typical self-made man of more recent date. Although the stories of Whittington, Eyre, and Thornton are apparently exaggerated accounts of the fulfillment of seemingly idle dreams, such narra

V

tives are possible. What could be more illustrative poetically of the speculating and commercial Elizabethan age than Whittington's dream and its fulfillment as described in the ballad? What, moreover, could be more illustrative of the great age of inventions, the 19th and 20th centuries? How could we have the five and ten cent store, the cheap automobile, or the aeroplane, were it not for such dreamers as the Woolworths, Henry Ford, Langley, and the Wright brothers? The story of Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp and that of Oid Fortunatus, with all their wealth of romance and oriental splendor, are not more interesting, and are far less significant than the story of Sir Richard Whittington, who, according to popular tradition, through the original venture of a cat, became a great speculator, philanthropist, and mayor, celebrated in prose, ballad, drama and pageant.

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