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the lights of heaven, and a capacity of re-
ceiving rich modifications and improve-
ments of those feelings in return. We are
convinced that there is more mind, more
soul about us, wherever we look, and wher-
ever we move; and there is-for we have
imparted both to the material world; there
is no longer any dullness or death in our
habitation; but a sweet music, and an in-
telligent voice, are forever speaking to our
secret ear, and the beauty of all visible
things becomes their joy, and we partake
in it, and gather from the confiding grati-
tude of surrounding objects, fresh cause of
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which will enable the attentive and industrious student to trace with precision, pleasure, and profit, the great variety of principles, which, like the muscles of the body, spread themselves through the English language.

It is to be regretted that 30 few fully understand the grammatical and accurate construction of their own language. There is a fashion already too prevalent in our country, which has long obtained in England, particularly among the superior classes of society, and which has by no means been conducive to a general and extensive cultivation of the English language. The subject of allusion is an extravagant predilection for the study of foreign languages, to the neglect of our own, a language which by us should be esteemed the most useful and valuable of all. This extrava gance has been justly censured by Mr Walker in the following remark. "We think," says he, "we show our breeding by a knowl edge of those tongues [the French and Italian], and an ignorance of our own."

A knowledge of other languages is truly desirable, and the acquisition of them ought, in a proper degree, to be encouragCUMMINGS, HILLIARD, & Co. No. 134 Wash-ed by all friends of improvement; but it is ington street [No. 1 Cornhill], have for sale, new editions of these neat and valuable School Books.

The English Teacher contains all the Rules, Notes, and important Observations in Murray's large Grammar, which are introduced in their proper places, and united with the Exercises and Key in perpendicular collateral columns, which show intuitively both the errors and corrections through all the exercises in Orthography Syntax, Punctuation, and Rhetorical con struction.

Extract from the North American Review. "THE great distinction and glory of Wordsworth's Poetry is the intimate converse which it holds with nature. He sees her face to face; he is her friend, her confidential counsellor, her high priest; and he comes from her inmost temple to reveal to us her mysteries, and unravel those se- The Exercises form a neat 18mo volume cret influences which he had always felt, of 252 pages, on good paper and neat type, but hardly understood. It is not merely for the particular use of pupils in schools; that he admires her beauties with enthusi-and being a counterpart to the Teacher, asm, and describes them with the nicest corresponds to it in design and execution. accuracy, but he gives them voice, lan- The Key is left out of this volume for the guage, passion, power, sympathy; he causes purpose of giving the scholar an opportunithem to live, breathe, feel. We acknowl- ty of exercising his judgment upon the apedge that even this has been done by gifted plication of the rules, without a too ready bards before him; but never so thoroughly and frequent reference to the key. as by him; they lifted up corners of the veil, and he has drawn it aside; he has established new relationships, and detected hitherto unexplored affinities, and made the connexion still closer than ever between this goodly universe and the heart of man. Every person of susceptibility has been affected with more or less distinctness, by the various forms of natural beauty, and the associations and remembrances connected with them by the progress of a storm, the expanse of ocean, the gladness of a sunny field,

The silence that is in the starry sky,

devoutly to be wished, by every friend to the interests of our country and of English literature, that American youth would show a zeal, in this respect, exemplified by the matrons of ancient Rome; and, like them, suffer not the study of foreign languages to prevent, but strictly to subserve the cultivation of their own.

It is confidently believed that the English Teacher and Exercises are excellently adapted to produce a radical improvement in this very important department of English education. With these aids, individuals and pupils, with a little instruction in parsing, may alone become not only proficients, but skilful and just critics, in one of the most copious and difficult of all languages, our own.

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The sleep that is among the lonely hills. Wordsworth has taught these sentiments and impulses a language, and has given them a law and a rule. Our intercourse These very neat and handsome school with nature becomes permanent; we ac-manuals will perform much service, save quire a habit of transferring human feel- much time, and furnish teachers, private ings to the growth of earth, the elements, learners, and schools with those facilities

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the coast, are either inconsiderable in the volume of their waters, or too rapid and rocky to be naviTHE publication of No. 3 was so much gable far from their mouths. The river Magdalena, delayed by unexpected impediments, that it however, which descends longitudinally above 700 miles through the valleys of the Andes, is navigable was thought best to date it May 15th, instead to the Port of Honda, 550 miles from its entrance of May 1st. There is, therefore, no num-into the Atlantic. The Cauca, which descends ber bearing this last date, and, to complete through the province of Antioquia and the Atracto through that of Choco, are considerable rivers, the twenty-four numbers of the first volume, whose banks, as well as those of the Magdalena, within the year, two numbers are published, are covered by the luxuriant forests which distinguish the rivers of the plains, and indicate a soil of both dated the 15th of March, 1825. unlimited fertility; but the climate is burning, and the life of man is not only rendered precarious by disease, but his daily comfort is destroyed by swarms of insects and venomous reptiles.

The second, or mountainous zone, presents a very different scene. At the height of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea, the climate becomes mild, vegetation continues uninterrupted through the year, leguminous plants, wheat, and other productions of temperate regions, are abundant, and of the best quality; venomous insects and serpents are rarely met with; and the human frame acknowledges the grateful salubrity of a temperature fitted alike for enjoyment and labour.

brought into action; and wild beasts, venomous reptiles, and tormenting insects, enter equally into a system which man vainly imagines constructed for his peculiar use and convenience. The climate, though hot, is neither so unhealthy nor debilitating as that of the seacoast, the air being refreshed and purified by the strong breezes blowing constantly over this grassy ocean, which extends not less than 300 miles in every direction betwixt the Andes and the Orinoco.

Of the vegetable productions of this country it is unnecessary to speak. It is obvious, that there are few, which might not find a congenial soil in some part of this extensive territory. Among the precious animal products are the pearls of Margaritta and Goagira, the fisheries of which are now monopolized by a British company. The mineral treasures are gold, silver, platina, and emeralds.

So much for the country, which, it must be admitted, is a fairer land than our own. We have next to inquire concerning its inhabitants and government, and here we shall find the superiority no longer visible. The character of the former is various, and is thus described by our author.

they do; but the Colombian government
are not, therefore, to be considered so abso-
lutely devoid of common sense and prudence
as the Colonel supposes. They might find
in the doings of other American congresses,
which are admitted to be the wisest in the
world, some enactments on a principle not
We pre-
very different from their own.
sume, moreover, that Colonel Hall has
heard of such things as corn laws in his
native land, as well as other matters, in
regard to which the imperial parliament it-
self is somewhat in the rear of the march of
political science.

their general character is diversified by local circumstances, we may observe that the inhabitants of the coast line, and especially of the principal seaport towns, are the most refined and intelligent: that the inhabitants of the interior and mountain country, particularly of New Grenada, are the most simple in their habits, the least crafty in their dispositions, but ignorant, timid, selfish, and inhospitable. The inhabitants of the plains form a totally distinct class, whose characteristics, as their mode of life, are peculiarly their own. Nothing is, according to an European view of the subject, more pacific than the life of a herdsman, nothing less likely to engender ferocity or military habits; it is sufficient, however, to have once witnessed the mode of tending cattle in South America, to form a different opinion. The immense herds raised in boundless and unenclosed plains, are gathered, This work will be most interesting to penned, or conducted, as change of pasture may emigrants, for whose use indeed it is more require, by half-naked horsemen, each armed with particularly intended. It will, therefore, be a lance, whose rapid movements, shouts, and wild more valuable in Great Britain than it can demeanour, suggest the idea of a body of Tartar cavalry. The untamed nature of the cattle themselves, be in this country, for few, we imagine, will the attacks of wild beasts to which they are exposed, be so Quixotic as to leave a land like ours, the deep and rapid rivers over which they are fre- whatever may be its disadvantages, for a quently to be led, with a variety of circumstances residence in the semi-barbarous republics essential to the mode of life of the Llaneros, or of South America. To the indigent agriPlainsmen, all require and produce those habits by culturists of many portions of England, which they are distinguished; besides being the breeders and keepers of the cattle, they are also Colombia will doubtless have charms, and their butchers, both from necessity and amusement. another century will probably find, on the Long habits of slavery and oppression, partially Their chief, we may say their only, pastime, is fertile plains of Venezuela and New Grencounteracted by a feverish interval of liberty, ill drawn from this source: to throw a Lazo, orada, other men and other principles from understood and imperfectly enjoyed; the almost coiled rope, round a bull's horns while at his speed, those which have so long disgraced and total want of education, and absence of that moral to pierce him in the spine, or hamstring him till stimulus, which, under the name of honour or char- they have occasion to kill him; to flay, quarter, and abused this garden of the world. acter, forces every respectable individual of Euro- divide his quivering carcase with all the technicality pean society to a line of conduct conformable with of our old European huntsman, is the pride and alhis situation; all these circumstances have produced most the sole enjoyment of their lives. The revoa negativeness or debility both in thought and ac-lution thus found them a ready-made body of irreg tion, which renders them troublesome to deal with, and unfit to be relied on. It is, in fact, impossible to calculate their behaviour except you could be certain of the last idea which has occupied their imagination, for the feeling of interest most immediately present is pretty generally decisive of their conduct. Does a merchant contract with a planter for a quantity of coffee or cocoa at a certain rate?in vain would he suppose the bargain concluded, should another purchaser appear and offer the slightest advance of price. The readiness with which they break a promise or an agreement, can only be equalled by the sophistical ingenuity with which they defend themselves for having done so. In this respect they seem a nation of lawyers, who, with ease, twist words and meanings as they please.' As the reproach of being a liar is the last insult which can be offered or endured among free-the interior of Africa? men, so is the term lie the last to be used in decent conversation; here, on the contrary, not only is the expression a good one, and adapted to the meridian of the genteelest society, but the reproach of being a liar may be safely cast on friend or foe with as little offence given or taken as the term Rake' or Prodigal' would cause in a fashionable London homilies' in defence of liberty, that without it there

4

circle. It is indeed a truth worth a thousand

can be no virtue.

ular cavalry; a popular chief sprang up to give
impetus and direction to their native spirit, and a
very short time beheld them excellent Guerillas,
and not less expert thieves and cut-throats-in their
favour we must revoke our negation as to the natu-
ral cruelty of the Colombians. There is not, per-
haps, in the world, a race of people who shed hu-
man blood with more indifference or with slighter
temptation; it is difficult to say by what good
qualities, if we except courage, and a strong love
of independence, their defects are redeemed or
qualified; pacific virtues they have none; it is
fortunate, however, that the natural abundance of
the plains tends constantly to diminish their dispo-
sition towards a life of savage marauding; were it
otherwise, the Llaneros would be to Colombia, what
the Moors of the Nubian desert are to Egypt and

Many in this country, we suppose, will be curious to learn more particulars of the actual state of the South American provinces, than we have been able to give in this short sketch; and they will find in the account of Colonel Hall, a great deal of information, which cannot, as far as we know, be found any where else, and much of it of a very interesting character. We shall conclude this article with an anecdote, which illustrates the nature of the care which the Holy Inquisition exercised over the morals of the subjects, under the ancient regime.

A painter in Bogota, of the name of Antonio Garcia, had two paintings from which he used to study-a Hercules spinning by the side of Omphale, and Endymion sleeping on the breast of Diana: the Commissary of the Inquisition was informed of the circumstance on the ground that the pictures were indecent, searched his cabinet, and had them cut in pieces, which the owner was allowed to keep.'

The government is framed according to the central system, and is much better in theory than in practice. The distance of the capital from the various provinces, the Missionary Journal and Memoir of the difficulty of travelling, but above all, the Rev. Joseph Wolf, Missionary to the character of a people just emerged from the Jews. Written by himself. Revised and edited by John Bayford, Esq. F. S. A. most degrading slavery, will probably long prevent any government, and much more a New York 1824. 12mo. pp. 332. republican one, from possessing that effi- THERE are few things in which sensible ciency, which is necessary for protecting and conscientious men differ so much as in individual rights against the encroachments their views of the utility and tendency of of craft or power. Indeed, as our author missions. Different minds may, and as they observes, the forms of government in the are impressed with different convictions, South American provinces must be consid- must have different opinions of the characered as yet, as experimental. Liberty, edu- ter and amount of the good and evil from cation, and the emigration of foreigners, which they spring, and which they effect. will, in time, enable them to establish one But this difference of opinion must be conthat shall be better adapted to their circum-fined to their use as religious missions; for stances than any which has hitherto been their influence upon the interests of literain operation. Colonel Hall criticises some ture will receive unqualified acknowledg of the prohibitory regulations of the congressment and commendation from all who deem Neither are they in general proud or assuming, ex-with severity, supposing them to evince an these interests of value. In estimating ignorance or contempt of the clearest prin- their efficacy and importance with respect ciples of political economy, and doubtless to religion, many considerations should be

The most pleasing trait in the character of the Colombian Creoles is good nature. It is easy to live with them if you require little of them: they have little or no active benevolence, because such must result from strong powers of imagination and reflection. But they are not vindictive, for revenge is both a strong and a permanent feeling; nor are they cruel, although this assertion may seem paradoxical to those acquainted with the history of the revolution, but we must distinguish between cruelties which are the fruit of a savage nature, and such as weakness itself may give birth to, when Roused up to too much wrath which follows o'er

grown fears.'

cept when they have obtained place or power, on which occasions they are apt to verify the musty proverb, Set a beggar on horseback. As far as

taken into view; for, while all admit that
tares are sown with the wheat, who re-
member that the missionaries, and they
who send them, are subject to human frail.
ties, and do not believe that the mere send-
ing or going on this errand purifies from
all error, it is no less true that the Word
of God is thus scattered abroad among the
nations, and light from Heaven made to
penetrate the darkness.
But they who
believe that these religious missions are in-
efficient as to their principal purpose, or
that they call into exercise bad passions as
well as good ones, and help to propagate
mischievous error, will still admit that their
influence upon literature is decidedly bene-
ficial, whether they suppose this good ef-
fect to be dearly or cheaply purchased.
These remarks were suggested to us by
Mr Wolf's Journal. It exhibits a young
man of bright intellect, acquiring by his
own efforts almost a "gift of tongues," that
he might be fit for the missionary work.
He is then engaged in collating the Scrip-
tures and commentaries upon them in va-
rious languages, in scrutinizing them rigor-
ously, in disputing upon the remote deriva-
tions of words and obscure shades of mean-
ing, and labouring to understand the pre-
cise force and purport of expressions, and
to translate them exactly from one tongue
into another, and all this with a zeal and
industry, which, were he a mere scholar,
would ensure him great fame. But we
may leave the instance before us, which
has many parallels, and advert to a few
facts of common notoriety. For almost all
that we know of the twelve hundred dia-

mano, with the intent of becoming a mem-
ber of the Propaganda Society. Before
long he became convinced that popery was
not the best form of the religion of Christ;
he suffered some petty persecution in Rome,
left the papal court in disgrace, and arriv-
ed in England in 1819. He was recom-
mended to the London Society for Promot-
ing Christianity among the Jews, and by
them was sent to Cambridge, and afterwards
to the Missionary College at Stansted, in
Sussex, at which places he remained two
years, employed in studying the oriental
languages. In the summer of 1821, he left
England for Gibraltar; thence he proceed-
ed to Malta, Alexandria, to Jerusalem and
different parts of Palestine; at the close of
the next year he returned to Malta, and
soon after went to Palestine a second time,
with two missionaries from this country.
The bulk of the volume is filled with the
narrative of his first visit to Palestine,
which is contained in his Journal and let-
ters. Our limits will not permit us to
make an analysis of this Journal,-which,
we believe, most readers would find inter-
esting. It exhibits the character of Mr
Wolf in a very favourable light, and proves
him to be possessed of uncommon talents
and attainments. Mr Wolf's sincerity can-
not be doubted; and his representation of
the state and disposition of the Jews in va-
rious parts of the world, encourages the
belief, that a spirit of inquiry, a willing-
ness to know the doctrines and evidence of
the christian religion is beginning to mani-
fest itself among them.

walk eight or nine hours. In the first month of my stay in that seminary, I went with the others to see VII, and I considered the canonization not as a the canonization of Alfonsio Maria Ligori by Pius beatification and sanctification, but only as a representation, or a description of the grace of God working in the individul; but I found afterwards, that my idea was not according to the Romish system. In Rome, they divide the canonization into second Santificazione: both acts cost the family of two acts, calling the first act Beatificazione, and the the saint a great price. The words beatificazione and santifiazione correspond entirely to the Latin words, beatum facere, and sanctum facere aliquem. But how can I believe that a pope can make saints? since Rome herself confesses that popes may burn

in hell.

In November, the Exercitia Spiritualia (which always precede the public lectures, and every solemn festival) began; a strange clergyman, or some monk, is invited at such a time to preach to lege are obliged to observe a strict silence two days, the pupils about their duty. The pupils of the coland are ordered to meditate and to go every day three times into the chapel, to hear the sermons or exhortations of the missionary. The act begins with holy song, 'Veni Sancte Spiritus, reple tuorum emitte spiritum tuum et creabuntur, et renovabis corda fidelium, et tui amoris ignem in eis accende, faciem terræ.' I heard sometimes, but not often, sermons very fine, and according to the Gospel, especially when Prince O., the Stolberg of Rome, preached to us in the seminary. He unites the zeal of Elias and true Christianity, with great worldly and love for the Gospel, the character of a man of possessions; and adds to an unquestionable zeal learning and philosophy.

*

*

*

*

*

It is true

The lectures upon Church History occupy four years, and yet they only come down to the fourteenth century. Dissertations about celibacy, the holy wars, and the infallibility of the popes, and reconciling the fallibility of Pope Honorius with the doctrine of infallibility, take up the greatest part of the history. The professor's prudence surprised We do not know that any part of the me, when he lectured on the history of Henry IV. lects of North America, we are indebted work interested us more than those pages the latter against the emperor, he did it; but when and Gregory VII. So long as he was able to defend to missionaries. Marshman and Morrison of Mr Wolf's own memoir, which disclose he came to facts mentioned of the pope which he have brought the Chinese language and the actual condition of the papal court, could not defend, he merely read the history, and literature within reach of European schol- and makes us acquainted with the internal left us to form our own judgment. I only found ars; the obscure and almost forgotten Cop- economy, the customs, purposes, and prac-one amongst the pupils of the Seminary, who had a tic language is made to yield up its ele- tices of the seminaries and societies of spirit of tolerance, and knowledge of the Bible. ments to the uses of philology; the anoma-Rome. The following extracts are from I frequently heard the noise of a crowd of people lous signs and exponents of the Chinese this part of the work. flocking to the church called Rotunda, and exclaimwords are brought to illustrate the hieroI entered the Seminario Romano the fifth of ing, "The mother of God opens her eyes and works glyphics of Egypt; and there is scarcely a September, 1816, being twenty years of age. I miracles." The clergy send soldiers to guard the corner of the earth so remote or so obscure, received a long violet blue garment, and a triangu- image which represents the Virgin; and to deceive that something of its peculiar dialect may time the vacations of the schools took place, which collects money for the mother of God. lar hat like the other pupils of that college. At this the people, one priest reads mass, and another not be known by him who wishes to learn continued till the month of November: and I found the greatest part of the clergy said to me that this it. Of oriental literature it is peculiarly not so much edification in the Seminario Romano, was only the fanaticism of the people; but why true, that the study of every department of as in the shops of the German artists. The Semi- does the pope approve such an idolatrous fanatiit is facilitated by the means which mission-nario has, besides the master and vice-master, a cism, and why do they send soldiers to the altar of ary efforts have wrought out, and which, prefect also, who was a priest like the former, but that image, and why do priests collect money for the man of no talent. He accompanies the pupils every support of that image, and to celebrate mass before but for these efforts, would not probably day in their walks, and when they assist any bishop the altar of that image, to show respect and honhave existed. Again, missionary societies or cardinal, or the pope, in any ceremony. He calls our to it? The vicar-general, in a printed declarahave established presses among the princi- the pupils every day for the rosary prayer, and tion, approved the miracles, said to be wrought by pal heathen nations. What incalculable closes the door of the pupils' room in the evening, the image of the Virgin. advantages may be expected from this! whole duty; he receives for it two crowns per and calls them up in the morning. This is the Why may not Asia profit by the exercise month, and his board. When the prefect opens of this wonderful art, almost as Europe has the doors, and awakes the pupils, one of them is profited by it? At all events, it is a great obliged to recite the Litany of the Virgin Mary, thing to have put so powerful an instru- and they are all obliged to cry, Ora pro nobis, ment into operation. which they do mechanically, and without devotion! Joseph Wolf was born in 1796, in Wei- After that, they go into the private chapel, and read a meditation taken from the book of the Jesuit lersbach, in Bavaria. His father was a Segneri, which contains some good things, together Rabbi; and intending his son to be a very with Mohammedan notions and abominable superorthodox Jew, he educated him according-stitions. The description of hell and paradise here ly. But Joseph was disposed, while yet a boy, to become a Christian; when seventeen years old he was baptized, and three years after he entered the Seminario Ro

a

given, is the same I once read in a superstitious
After meditation they go to hear mass in another
Rabbinical book, and in a surah of the Alcoran!
private chapel, and then breakfast; and in the days
when public lectures are given, they are obliged to

went to Tivoli, where they have a very fine counIn the month of October, 1819, all the pupils try-house. I saw there the villa of Maecenas, the grotto of Neptune, the ruins of the barracks of the army of Trajan, and the ruins of the temple of the Sybil; and I read Horace's poetry in one of his own country houses. I went one day, with the other pupils, to the church of the Friars of that town. They were then celebrating he festival of St Franciscus Assissi. All the monks of Rome are accustomed to preach sermons on the day of their patriarch, which they call Panegyrica. I heard the panegyricum of St Franciscus of Assissi, all the miracles of St Franciscus, and all the pains composed by a Franciscan friar! He enumerated of his body, where they observed the five wounds of Christ. And, after the accomt of these mira