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Ct. 147 U. S. 14, 26, 37 L. ed. 60, 65, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 246; Ex parte Des Moines R. Co. 103 U. S. 794, 796, 26 L. ed. 461, 462; Ex parte Baltimore & O. R. Co. 108 U. S. 566, 27 L. ed. 812, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 876; Re Pennsylvania Co. 137 U. S. 451, 453, 34 L. ed. 738, 740, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 141; Re Rice, 155 U. S. 396, 403, 39 L. ed. 198, 201, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 149; Ex parte Union S. B. Co. 178 U. S. 317, 319, 44 L. ed. 1084, 1085, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 944; Re Atlantic City R. Co. 164 U. S. 633, 634, 41 L. ed. 579, 580, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 208; Re Huguley Mfg. Co. 184 U. S. 297, 301, 46 L. ed. 549, 551, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 455; American Constr. Co. v. Jacksonville, T. & K. W. R. Co. 148 U. S. 372, 379, 37 L. ed. 486, 489, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 758; Re Pollitz, 206 U. S. 323, 331, 51 L. ed. 1081, 1083, 27 Sup. Ct. Rep. 729; United States v. Jahn, 155 U. S. 109, 115, 39 L. ed. 87, 90, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 39; Ex parte Morgan, 114 U. S. 174, 29 L. ed. 135, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 825; Ex parte Brown, 116 U. S. 401, 29 L. ed. 676, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 587.

Questions of jurisdiction here should not be raised by exceptions to the libel or plea on the merits.

Scully v. Bird, 209 U. S. 481. 52 L. ed. 899, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 597; Illinois C. R. Co. v. Adams, 180 U. S. 28, 45 L. ed. 410, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 251; Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 856, 6 L. ed. 204, 230.

The suggestions filed by the attorney general of New York are not competent evidence.

Long v. The Tampico, 16 Fed. 491; Tucker v. Alexandroff, 183 U. S. 424, 441, 46 L. ed. 264, 271, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 195; Hall, International Law, 6th ed. p. 161; South Carolina v. Wesley, 155 U. S. 542, 39 L. ed. 254, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 230.

These are not, under any consideration, actions at law or in equity falling within the purview of the language of the 11th Amendment.

3 Story, Const. § 1683; United States v. Bright, Brightly, N. P. 19, note, Fed. Cas. No. 14,647; Atkins v. Fiber Disintergrating Co. 18 Wall. 272, 21 L. ed.

841.

The prerequisite in admiralty to the right to resort to a libel in personam is the existence of a cause of action, maritime in its nature.

Workman v. New York, 179 U. S. 552, 45 L. ed. 314, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 212.

A libel in personam may be maintained for any cause within the jurisdiction of an admiralty court, wherev

er a monition can be served upon the libellee, or an attachment made of any personal property or credits of his.

Re Louisville Underwriters, 134 U. S. 488, 490, 33 L. ed. 991, 993, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 587.

The assumption of the attorney general that these proceedings are suits against the state of New York is a question which belongs to the merits rather than to the jurisdiction.

Scully v. Bird, 209 U. S. 481, 52 L. ed. 899, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 597.

The reasons which have induced courts of admiralty to grant immunity from process have no application here.

The Siren, 7 Wall. 153, 19 L. ed. 130; The Davis, 10 Wall. 15, 19 L. ed. 875; Workman v. New York, 179 U. S. 552, 573, 45 L. ed. 314, 325, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 212; The Exchange v. M'Faddon, 7 Cranch, 116, 3 L. ed. 287; The Maipo, 252 Fed. 627; The Roseric, 254 Fed. 154; The Pampa, 245 Fed. 137.

The state of New York may not impose its local law upon the admiralty jurisdiction.

Workman v. New York, 179 U. S. 552, 557, 45 L. ed. 314, 319, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 212; Southern P. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205, 215, 61 L. ed. 1086, 1098, L.R.A. 1918C, 451, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 524, Ann. Cas. 1917E, 900, 14 N. C. C. A. 596; The Lottawanna (Rodd v. Heartt) 21. Wall. 558, 22 L. ed. 654; Union Fish Co. v. Erickson, 248 U. S. 308, 63 L. ed. 261, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 112.

Mr. Justice Pitney delivered the opinion of the court:

Three separate libels in rem were filed in the United States district court for the western district of New [495] York: two against against the the steam tug Charlotte, her engines, boilers, machinery, etc., by one Dolloff and one Wagner, respectively, both residents and presumably citizens of the state of New York, to severally recover for damages alleged to have been caused to certain canal boats owned by them while navigated upon the Erie canal in tow of the Charlotte; the other against the steam tug Henry Koerber, Jr., her boilers, engines, tackle, etc., by Murray Transportation Company, a corporation of the state of New York, bailee of a certain coal barge, to recover damages alleged to have been received by the barge while navigated upon the Erie canal in tow of the Koerber. In each case the tug was claimed by Frank F. Fix and Charles Fix, partners in business under the

The power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts when proceed. ing as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction is specifically conferred upon this court by § 234, Judicial Code (Act of March 3, 1911, chap. 231, 36 [497] Stat. at L. 1087, 1156, Comp. Stat. §§ 968, 1211, 4 Fed. Stat. Ánno. 2d ed. p. 815, 5 Fed. Stat. Anno. 2d ed. p. 717). And the fact that the objection

name of Fix Brothers, of Buffalo, New the district court the matter has been York, and released from arrest on argued. the filing of satisfactory stipulations. The record shows that the charters Claimants filed answers to the several had expired according to their terms, libels, and at the same time filed peti- and the tugs were in possession of the tions under Admiralty Rule 59 (new claimants, neither the state nor Walsh Rule 56), setting up in each case that, having any claim upon or interest in at the time of the respective disasters them. At no time has any res belonging and damage complained of, the tugs to the state or to Walsh, or in which were under charter by claimants to Ed- they claim any interest, been attached ward S. Walsh, superintendent of pub- or brought under the jurisdiction of the lic works of the state of New York, who district court. Nor is any relief asked had entered into such charter parties against Mr. Walsh individually; the under authority reposed in him by an proceedings against him being strictly act of the legislature of the state of in his capacity as a public officer. New York, being chapter 264 of the Laws of 1919, and had the tugs under his operation, control, and management; that if decrees should be ordered in the respective causes against the tugs, the claimants, because of their ownership of the vessels, would be called upon for payment, and thus would be mulcted in damages for the disasters, to which they were total strangers; and that, by reason of these facts, Edward S. Walsh, to the jurisdiction of the court below superintendent of public works of the state of New York, ought to be proceeded against in the same suits for such damages, in accordance with the rule. The district court, pursuant to the prayer of these petitions, caused monitions to be issued in all [496] three cases against Edward S. Walsh, superintendent of public works, citing him to appear and answer, and in case he could not be found, that "the goods and chattels of the state of New York, used and controlled by him," should be attached. The monitions were served upon Walsh within the jurisdiction of the court.

The attorney general of the state appeared in all three cases specially in behalf of the state and the people thereof, and of Walsh, and filed a suggestion that the court was without jurisdiction to proceed against Walsh as superintendent of public works for the reason that, as appeared upon the face of the proceedings, they were suits against the state of New York in which the state had not consented to be sued. The district court denied motions to dismiss the monitions (The Henry Koerber, Jr., 268 Fed. 561), whereupon the attorney general, on behalf of the state and the people thereof, and of Walsh, as superintendent and individually, under leave granted, filed in this court a petition for writs of prohibition and mandamus. An order to show cause was issued, to which the district judge made a return, and upon this and the proceedings in

might be raised by an appeal from the final decree is not, in all cases, a valid objection to the issuance of a prohibition at the outset, where a court of admiralty assumes to take cognizance of matters over which it has no lawful jurisdiction. Re Cooper, 143 U. S. 472, 495, 36 L. ed. 232, 239, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 453.

That a state may not be sued without its consent is a fundamental rule of jurisprudence, having so important a bearing upon the construction of the Constitution of the United States that it has become established by repeated decisions of this court that the entire judicial power granted by the Constitution does not embrace authority to entertain a suit brought by private parties against a state, without consent given; not one brought by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of a foreign state, because of the 11th Amendment; and not even one brought by its own citizens, because of the fundamental rule of which the Amendment is but an exemplification. Beers v. Arkansas, 20 How. 527, 529, 15 L. ed. 991, 992; Memphis & C. R. Co. v. Tennessee, 101 U. S. 337, 339, 25 L. ed. 960, 961; Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1, 1017, 33 L. ed. 842, 845-848, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 504; North Carolina v. Temple, 134 U. S. 22, 30, 33 L. ed. 849, 852, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 509; Fitts v. McGhee, 172 U. S. 516, 524, 43 L. ed. 535, 539, 19 Sup. Ct. Rep. 269; Palmer v. Ohio, 248 U. S. 32, 34, 63 L. ed. 108, 109, 39 Sup. Ct.

Rep. 16; Duhne v. New Jersey, 251 U., cause the thing was not in possession of S. 311, 313, 64 L. ed. 280, 281, 40 Sup. the district court. Subsequently, in Ex Ct. Rep. 154. parte Madrazzo, 7 Pet. 627, 632, 8 L. ed. Nor is the admiralty and maritime 808, 810, an application was made to jurisdiction exempt from the operation this court to entertain a suit in admiralof the rule. It is true the Amendment ty against the state of Georgia, and it speaks only of suits in law or equity; was held that, as there was no property but this is because, as was pointed out in the custody of the court of admiraity in Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U. S. 1, 10- or brought within its jurisdiction and in 17, 33 L. ed. 842, 845-848, 10 Sup. Ct. the possession of any private person, Rep. 504, the Amendment was the out- [499] the case was not one for the exercome of a purpose to set aside the effect cise of the admiralty jurisdiction; and of the decision of this court in Chisholm that, being a mere personal suit against v. Georgia, 2 Dall. 419, 1 L. ed. 440, a state, to recover proceeds in its which happened to be a suit at law, possession, it could not be entertained, brought against the state by a citizen of since "no private person has a right another state, the decision turning upon to commence an original suit in this the construction of that clause of § 2 of court against a state." Atkins v. Fibre art. 3 of the Constitution, establishing Disintegrating Co. 18 Wall. 272, 300, the judicial power in cases in law and 21 L. ed. 841, 843, et seq.; and Re equity between a state [498] and citi- Louisville Underwriters, 134 U. S. 488, zens of another state; from which it 33 L. ed. 991, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. naturally came to pass that the language 587, are aside from the point, since of the Amendment was particularly they relate merely to a question of phrased so as to reverse the construction statutory construction: whether the adopted in that case. In Hans v. Louisiana, supra (p. 15), the court demonstrated the impropriety of construing the Amendment so as to leave it open for citizens to sue their own state in the Federal courts; and it seems to us equally clear that it cannot with propriety be construed to leave open a suit against a state in the admiralty jurisdiction by individuals, whether its own citizens or not.

Among the authorities to which we are referred is Mr. Justice Story, who, in his Commentaries on the Constitution (1st ed. § 1683; 5th ed. § 1689), stated that it had been doubted whether thej Amendment extended to cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction where the proceeding was in rem, and not in personam; and whose doubt was supported by a declaration proceeding from Mr. Justice Washington at the circuit. United States v. Bright (1809) Brightly, N. P. 19, 25, note, Fed. Cas. No. 14,647; 3 Am. L. J. 197, 225. But the doubt was based upon considerations that were set aside in the reasoning adopted by this court in Hans v. Louisiana. In Sundry African Slaves v. Madrazo, 1 Pet. 110, 124, 7 L. ed. 73, 79, the question whether the 11th Amendment extended to proceedings in admiralty was alluded to, but found unnecessary to be decided, because, if it did not, the case was one for the original jurisdiction of this court, and not of the district court in which it was brought; and it was held, further, that the decree could not be sustained as a proceeding in rem, be

provision of § 11 of the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789 (1 Stat. at L. 79, chap. 20; re-enacted in § 739 of the Revised Statutes, and in § 1 of Act of March 3, 1875, chap. 137, 18 Stat. at L. 470, Comp. Stat. § 1033), to the effect that no civil suit should be brought against a person by original process in any district other than that of which he was an inhabitant, or in which he should be found, applied to suits in personam in admiralty, so as to prevent the court from acquiring jurisdiction over a corporation through attachment of its goods or property in a district other than that of its residence (in the former case), or by service of process upon its appointed agent (in the latter).

Much reliance is placed upon Workman v. New York, 179 U. S. 552, 45 L. ed. 314, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 212. But that dealt with a question of the substantive law of admiralty, not the power to exercise jurisdiction over the person of de fendant; and, in the opinion, the court was careful to distinguish between the immunity from jurisdiction attributable to a sovereign upon grounds of policy, and immunity from liability in a particular case. Thus (p. 566): "The contention is, although the corporation had general capacity to stand in judgment, and was therefore subject to the process of a court of admiralty, nevertheless the admiralty court would afford no redress against the city for the tort complained of, because under the local law." etc. "But the maritime law affords no justification for this contention, and

no example is found in such law, where one who is subject to suit and amenable to process is allowed to escape liability [500] for the commission of a maritime tort, upon the theory relied upon."

We repeat, the immunity of a state from suit in personam in the admiralty, brought by a private person without its consent, is clear.

As to what is to be deemed a suit against a state, the early suggestion that the inhibition might be confined to those in which the state was a party to the record (Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 846, 850, 857, 6 L. ed. 204, 229, 231, 232) has long since been abandoned, and it is now established that the question is to be determined not by the mere names of the titular parties, but by the essential nature and effect of the proceeding, as it appears from the entire record. Louisiana v. Jumel, 107 U. S. 711, 719, 720, 723, 727, 728, 27 L. ed. 448, 450, 454, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 128; Hagood v. Southern, 117 U. S. 52, 67, 29 L. ed. 895, 810, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 608 et seq.; Re Ayers, 123 U. S. 443, 487-492, 31 L.. ed. 216, 223225, 8 Sup. Ct. Rep. 164; Pennoyer v. McConnaughy, 140 U. S. 1, 10, 35 L. ed. 363, 365, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 699 et seq.; Smith v. Reeves, 178 U. S. 436, 438-440, 44 L. ed. 1140, 1142, 1143, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 919; Murray v. Wilson Distilling Co. 213 U. S. 151, 168-170, 53 L. ed. 742, 750, 751, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 458; Lankford v. Platte Iron Works Co. 235 U. S. 461, 469, 59 L. ed. 316, 318, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep.

173.

to perform its contracts, but extends to such as will require it to make pecuniary satisfaction for any liability. Smith v. Reeves, 178 U. S. 436, 439, 44 L. ed. 1140, 1142, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 919.

As has been shown, the proceedings against which prohibition is here asked have no element of a proceeding in rem, and are in the nature of an action in personam against Mr. Walsh, not individually, but in his capacity as superintendent of public works of the state of New York. The office is established and its duties prescribed by the Constitution of the state; art. 5, § 3. He is "charged with the execution of all laws relating to the repair and navigation of the canals, and also of those relating to the construction and improvement of the canals," with exceptions not material. By chapter 264 of the Laws of 1919, effective May 3, the superintendent is authorized to provide such facilities as, in his judgment, may be necessary for the towing of boats on the canals of the state, the towing service to be furnished under such rules and regulations as he shall adopt; and for that service he is authorized to impose and collect such fees as, in his judgment, may seem fair and reasonable; the moneys so collected to be deposited by him in the state treasury. For the carrying into effect of this act the sum of $200,000 was appropriated. Under these provisions of law Mr. Walsh, as superintendent of public works, chartered the tugs Henry Koerber, Jr., and Charlotte, in the name and behalf of the people of the state of New York, for periods beginning May

Thus examined, the decided cases have fallen into two principal classes, | 15 and ending at latest December 15, mentioned in Pennoyer v. MeConnaughy, 140 U. S. 1, 10, 35 L. ed. 363, 365, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 699: "The first class is where the suit is brought against the officers of the state, as representing the state's action and liability, thus making it, though not a party to the record, the real party against which the judgment will so operate as to compel it to specifically perform its contracts [citing cases]. The other class is where a suit is brought against defendants who, claiming to act as officers of the state, and under the color of an unconstitutional statute, commit acts of wrong and injury to the rights and property of the plaintiff, acquired under a contract with the state. Such suit is not, within the meaning of the 11th Amendment, an action against the state." The first class, in just reason, is not confined to cases where the suit will operate so as to compel [501] the state specifically

1919; and it was under these charters that they were being operated when the disasters occurred upon which the libels are founded and the petitions under Rule 59 are based. The decrees sought would affect Mr. Walsh in his official capacity, and not otherwise. They might be satisfied out of any property of the state of New York in his hands as superintendent of public works, or made a basis for charges upon the treasury of the state, under § 46 [502] of the Canal Law (Consol. Laws 1909, p. 269), which provides that the commissioners of the canal fund may allow claims for moneys paid by the superintendent of public works or other person or officer employed in the care, management, superintendence, and repair of the canals, for a judgment recovered against them or any of them in any action instituted for an act done pursuant to the provisions of the Canal Law. In either case

their effect, whether complete or not, would expend itself upon the people of the state of New York in their public and corporate capacity. Section 47 of the Canal Law provides for an action before the court of claims for certain kinds of damages arising from the use or management of the canals; but in terms it is provided that this "shall not extend to claims arising from damages resulting from the navigation of the canals." There is no suggestion that the superintendent was or is acting under color of an unconstitutional law, or otherwise than in the due course of his duty under the Constitution and laws of the state of New York. In the fullest sense, therefore, the proceedings are shown by the entire record to be in their nature and effect suits brought by individuals against the state of New York, and therefore since no consent has been given-beyond the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States.

Walsh as superintendent of public
works of the state of New York, is so
clear, and the fact that the proceedings
are in essence suits against the state
without its consent is so evident, that
instead of permitting them to run their
slow course to final decree, with inevita-
ble futile result, the writ of prohibition
should be issued as prayed.
Ex parte
Simons, 247 U. S. 231, 239, 62 L. ed.
1094, 1096, 38 Sup. Ct. Rep. 497; Ex
parte Peterson, 253 U. S. 300, 305, 64
L. ed. 919, 921, 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 543.
Rule absolute for a writ of prohibi-
tion.

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(See S. C. Reporter's ed. 503-511.) Admiralty evidence state ownership of vessel suggestion of attorney general.

1. The verified suggestion presented by the attorney general of the state in his official capacity as representative of the state and the people thereof, that a vessel libeled in its possession and control, and employed in admiralty is the property of the state, in its public governmental service, amounts to an official certificate concerning a public matter presumably within his official knowledge, and ought to be accepted as sufficient evidence of the fact, at least, in the absence of special challenge. [For other cases, see Admiralty, III. i, 1, în Digest Sup. Ct. 1908.] Admiralty

There is no substance in the contention that this result enables the state of New York to impose its local law upon the admiralty jurisdiction, to the detriment of the characteristic symmetry and uniformity of the rules of maritime law insisted upon in Workman v. New York, 179 U. S. 552, 557-560, 45 L. ed. 314, 319, 320, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 212; Southern P. Co. v. Jensen, 244 U. S. 205, 215, 61 L. ed. 1086, 1098, L.R.A.1918C, 451, 37 Sup. Ct. Rep. 524, Ann. Cas. 1917E, 900, 14 N. C. C. A. 596; Union Fish Co. v. Erickson, 248 U. S. 308, 313, 63 L. ed. 261, 263, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 112; Knickerbocker Ice Co. v. Stewart, 253 U. S. 149, 160, 64 L. ed. 834, 839, 11 A.L.R. 1145, 2. A vessel, the property of a state, in 40 Sup. Ct. Rep. 438. The symmetry its possession and control, and employed in and harmony maintained in those cases its public governmental service, is exempt consists in the uniform operation and from seizure by admiralty process in rem. [For other cases, see Admiralty, I. e, 1, in effect of the characteristic principles Digest Sup. Ct. 1908.] and rules of the maritime law [503] as a body of substantive law, operative alike upon all who are subject to the

jurisdiction

owned by state.

[No. 26, Original.]

jurisdiction of the admiralty, and bind-Argued December 14, 1920. 1, 1921.

ing upon other courts as well. Chelentis v. Luckenbach S. S. Co. 247 U. S. 372,

vessel

Decided June

N PETITION Writ Prohibi

382, 361, 62 L. ed. 1171, 1175, 1176, 33 Other TTON for at of of andamus Sup. Ct. Rep. 501. It is not inconsistent to prevent the District Court of the in principle to accord to the states, United States for the Western District which enjoy the prerogatives of sover- of New York from seizing by admiralty eignty to the extent of being exempt process in rem a vessel alleged to be from litigation at the suit of individuals state property. Rule for Writ of Proin all other judicial tribunals, a like exhibition made absolute. emption in the courts of admiralty and The facts are stated in the opinion. maritime jurisdiction.

The want of authority in the District Court to entertain these proceedings in personam under Rule 59 (now 56), brought by the claimants against Mr.

Note. On admiralty jurisdiction, generally-see notes to Glass v. The Betsy, 1 L. ed. U. S. 489, and United States v. Bevans, 4 L. ed. U. S. 404.

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