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Which, if not victory, is yet revenge."

He ended frowning, and his look denounced
Desperate revenge, and battle dangerous
To less than gods. On the other side up rose
Belial, in act more graceful and humane;
A fairer person lost not Heaven; he seemed
For dignity composed, and high exploit:

But all was false and hollow; though his tongue
Dropped manna, and could make the worse appear
The better reason, for his thoughts were low:
To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds
Timorous and slothful; yet he pleased the ear,
And with persuasive accent thus began:-

BELIAL.

"I should be much for open war, O Peers,
As not behind in hate; if what was urged
Main reason to persuade immediate war,
Did not dissuade me most, and seem to cast
Ominous conjecture on the whole success;
When he, who most excels in fact of arms',
In what he counsels, and in what excels,
Mistrustful, grounds his courage on despair
And utter dissolution, as the scope

Of all his aim, after some dire revenge.

First, what revenge? The towers of Heaven are filled
With armed watch, that render all access
Impregnable: oft on the bordering deep
Encamp their legions; or, with obscure wing,
Scout far and wide into the realm of Night,
Scorning surprise. Or could we break our way
By force, and at our heels all Hell should rise
With blackest insurrection, to confound.
Heaven's purest light; yet our great Enemy,
All incorruptible, would on his throne
Sit unpolluted; and the ethereal mould,
Incapable of stain, would soon expel
Her mischief, and purge off the baser fire,
Victorious. Thus repulsed, our final hope
Is flat despair: we must exasperate
The Almighty Victor to spend all his rage,
And that must end us:- -that must be our cure,

1 An Italian idiom; fatto d'arme, a battle.

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To be no more. Sad cure! for who would lose,
Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
Those thoughts that wander through eternity,
To perish rather, swallowed up and lost
In the wide womb of uncreated night,

1

Devoid of sense and motion? And who knows,
Let this be good, whether our angry Foe
Can give it, or will ever? How he can,
Is doubtful; that he never will, is sure.
Will he, so wise, let loose at once his ire,
Belike through impotence, or unaware,
To give his enemies their wish, and end
Thém in his anger, whom his anger saves
To punish endless? Wherefore cease we then?
Say they who counsel war; we are decreed,
Reserved and destined to eternal woe;
Whatever doing, what can we suffer more,
What can we suffer worse? Is this then worst,
Thus sitting, thus consulting, thus in arms?
What! when we fled amain, pursued, and struck
With Heaven's afflicting thunder, and besought
The deep to shelter us? This Hell then seemed
A refuge from those wounds: or when we lay
Chained on the burning lake? That sure was worse.
What if the breath, that kindled those grim fires,
Awaked, should blow them into sevenfold rage,
And plunge us in the flames? or, from above,
Should intermitted vengeance arm again
His red right hand 2 to plague us?
Her stores were opened, and this firmament
Of Hell should spout her cataracts of fire,
Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall
One day upon our heads; while we perhaps,
Designing or exhorting glorious war,
Caught in a fiery tempest shall be hurled
Each on his rock transfixed 3, the sport and prey
Of wracking whirlwinds; or for ever sunk
Under yon boiling ocean, wrapped in chains;
There to converse with everlasting groans,
Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved,

1 See book i. line 186.

2 See Horace, od. 2. lib. i.
3 See Virgil, Æneid, lib. i. line 45.
4 Milton frequently has lines com-

What if all

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posed of three negative qualities; as here: so Shakspere: "Unhouseled, disappointed, unanneled." Hamlet, act i. scene 1.

Ages of hopeless end? This would be worse.

Shall we then live thus vile, the race of Heaven
Thus trampled, thus expelled to suffer here

Chains and these torments? Better these than worse,
By my advice; since fate inevitable
Subdues us, and omnipotent decree,
The Victor's will. To suffer, as to do,
Our strength is equal, nor the law unjust
That so ordains: this was at first resolved,
If we were wise, against so great a Foe
Contending, and so doubtful what might fall.
I laugh, when those who at the spear are bold
And venturous, if that fail them, shrink and fear
What yet they know must follow, to endure
Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, or pain,
The sentence of their Conqueror: this is now
Our doom; which, if we can sustain and bear,
Our Supreme Foe in time may much remit
His anger; and perhaps, thus far removed,
Not mind us not offending, satisfied

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With what is punished; whence these raging fires
Will slacken, if his breath stir not their flames.
This horror will grow mild, this darkness light;
Besides what hope the never-ending flight

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Of future days may bring, what chance, what change
Worth waiting; since our present lot appears
For happy though but ill, for ill not worst,
If we procure not to ourselves more woe."

Thus Belial, with words clothed in reason's garb,
Counselled ignoble ease, and peaceful sloth,
Not peace and after him thus Mammon spake:

MAMMON.

"Either to disenthrone the King of Heaven We war, if war be best, or to regain

Our own right lost: Him to unthrone we then
May hope, when everlasting Fate shall yield
To fickle Chance, and Chaos judge the strife:
The former, vain to hope, argues as vain
The latter; for what place can be for us

:

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Within Heaven's bound, unless Heaven's Lord Supreme

1 The y in ignominy is here cut off in the scanning.

We overpower? Suppose he should relent,
And publish grace to all, on promise made
Of new subjection; with what eyes could we
Stand in his presence humble, and receive
Strict laws imposed, to celebrate his throne
With warbled hymns, and to his Godhead sing
Forced hallelujahs; while he lordly sits
Our envied Sovran, and his altar breathes
Ambrosial odours and ambrosial flowers,
Our servile offerings? This must be our task
In Heaven, this our delight; how wearisome
Eternity so spent, in worship paid

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To whom we hate! Let us not then pursue
By force impossible, by leave obtained

Unacceptable, though in Heaven, our state

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Of splendid vassalage; but rather seek

Our own good from ourselves, and, from our own,

Live to ourselves, though in this vast recess,

Free, and to none accountable, preferring

Of servile pomp.

Hard liberty before the easy yoke

Of darkness do we dread? How oft amidst

Thick clouds and dark doth Heaven's all-ruling Sire
Choose to reside, his glory unobscured,

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* *This deep world

And with the majesty of darkness round

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Covers his throne1; from whence deep thunders roar

Mustering their rage, and Heaven resembles Hell?
As he our darkness, cannot we his light

Imitate when we please? This desert soil
Wants not her hidden lustre, gems and gold;
Nor want we skill or art, from whence to raise
Magnificence; and what can Heaven show more?
Our torments also may in length of time
Become our elements; these piercing fires
As soft as now severe, oúr temper changed
Into théir temper, which must needs remove
The sensible of pain. All things invite
To peaceful counsels, and the settled state
Of order, how in safety best we may
Compose our present evils, with regard
Of what we are, and where; dismissing quite

1 See Psalm xviii. 11. 13.; and Psalm xcvii. 2.

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2 The neuter adjective used as a noun. (A Greek idiom.)

All thoughts of war :-ye have what I advise."

He scarce had finished, when such murmur filled
The assembly, as when hollow rocks retain

The sound of blustering winds, which all night long
Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull
Sea-faring men o'erwatched, whose bark by chance,
Or pinnace, anchors in a craggy bay

After the tempest: such applause was heard
As Mammon ended, and his sentence pleased,
Advising peace: for such another field

They dreaded worse than Hell: so much the fear
Of thunder and the sword of Michaël

Wrought still within them; and no less desire

To found this nether empire, which might rise
By policy, and long procéss of time,
In emulation opposite to Heaven.

Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom,
Satan except, none higher sat, with grave
Aspéct he rose, and in his rising seemed

A pillar of state; deep on his front engraven
Deliberation sat, and public care;

And princely counsel in his face yet shone,
Majestic, though in ruin: sage he stood
With Atlantéan shoulders fit to bear

The weight of mightiest monarchies; his look
Drew audience and attention still as night

Or summer's noon-tide air, while thus he spake :

BEELZEBUB.

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"Thrones and Imperial Powers, Offspring of Heaven, Ethereal Virtues! or these titles now

Must we renounce, and, changing style, be called

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Princes of Hell? for so the popular vote

Inclines, here to continue, and build up here

A growing empire, doubtless! while we dream,

And know not that the King of Heaven hath doomed
This place our dungeon; not our safe retreat
Beyond his potent arm, to live exempt

From Heaven's high jurisdiction, in new league

1 Atlas, according to some of the ancient writers, was a powerful king, who possessed great knowledge of the courses of the stars, and was the first who taught men that heaven had

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the form of a globe. Hence the saying that heaven rested on his shoulders was regarded as a mere figurative mode of expression.

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