jackal, or fox, to the exclusive paternity of the domestic dogs. As there are undoubted wild canines which are true dogs, there is no improbability that some of these fossil remains may have belonged to such prior to their subjugation and domestication by man; and there is no more necessity of referring the fossil canines to a single species than the domesticated ones. The size of the fossil dogs is no greater than that of some living races mentioned in the text.-Those desirous of pursuing the subject of dogs more fully are referred to the writings of Buffon, Frédéric Cuvier, and Col. Hamilton Smith. (See also BEAGLE, BLOODHOUND, BULL-DOG, GREYHOUND, HOUND, MASTIFF, POINTER, SPANIEL, TERRIER.)

DOG DAYS (Lat. dies caniculares), among the ancients, the period of greatest heat in summer, so named because in the latitudes of the Mediterranean this period nearly corresponded with that in which the dog star rose at the same time with the sun. To this conjunction all antiquity, and all the later followers of judicial astrology, ascribed a malignant influence. The heliacal rising of the dog star is a very indefinite phenomenon; its precise dates cannot be determined, and owing to the precession of the equinoxes it does not now occur till about Aug. 10, when the greatest heat of the season is often over. So uncertain is the time that the ancients indiscriminately ascribe the evil influence to Sirius and Procyon (the largest stars respectively of Canis Major and Minor), though there is several days' difference in their heliacal risings. The modern almanac makers sometimes reckon the dog days from July 24 to Aug. 24, and sometimes from July 3 to Aug. 11. DOG-FISH, a cartilaginous plagiostome, of the family squalidæ or sharks, and the genus acanthias (Risso), of the class selachians of Agassiz. This genus is characterized by 2 dorsal fins with a strong spine before each; the 1st dorsal is behind the line of pectorals, the 2d between the ventral and caudal spaces; no anal fin; temporal orifices large; skin rough in one direction, the scales heart-shaped with a central spine directed backward; teeth in several rows, sharp and cutting, with the points directed backward and outward. The common dog-fish (A. Americanus, Storer) has the upper part of the body of a slate color, deepest on the head and lightest on the sides, and white below; just under the anterior portion of the lateral line is a row of circular white spots, and a few similar ones are irregularly distributed on the back; the young are still more spotted; the length does not exceed 5 feet. The species is found from Davis's straits to New Jersey. Dog-fish in spring and autumn appear in large numbers in Massachusetts bay, and the residents of some towns on Cape Cod give up all other business at these times to fish for them; they are valuable for the oil from the livers, for the food of cattle, and for the polishing property of their skin. The weight varies from 8 to 25 lbs.; they remain in shallow water 3 or 4 days, at which

time they are easily caught by the hook; they feed on garbage, and may properly be called the scavengers of the sea. The young are brought forth alive, and are often seen swimming about with the yolk bag attached. In the British provinces they are dried, and in the winter given to pigs, which thrive well upon them; the refuse parts are used for manure. The dog-fish (acanthias) of Europe is a different species; its flesh is eaten in Scotland. Along the east coast of England it is called the bonedog; it is a great pest to the fishermen by cutting off their hooks; according to Mr. Couch, it bends itself into a bow for the purpose of using its spines, and then by a sudden motion causes them to spring asunder in opposite directions. Three species of scyllium (Cuv.), of a reddishbrown color with numerous spots, are called dog-fish in Europe. There is another shark (mustelus canis, Mitch.), also viviparous, called dog-fish. In this genus the teeth are blunt, forming a close pavement in each jaw ; the first dorsal is in advance of the ventrals; there are no spines; the body is cylindrical and elongated, of a uniform slate color on the back and sides, and dusky white below; the head is flat between the eyes. This shark grows to a length of 5 feet, and is very common in Long Island sound, where it is taken in nets spread for other fish; from the form of the teeth it is probable that the food consists principally of crustacea and mollusks; it is not common on the coast of Massachusetts, but is abundant on the shores of New Jersey, where it is very troublesome to the fishermen by stealing their baits and driving away other more eatable species; its flesh is coarse, rank, and unpalatable, though occasionally eaten. In Europe the species of this genus are often called hound-fish; the M. lævis (Cuv.) is called the smooth hound from the softness of the skin, and ray-mouthed dog-fish from the peculiar conformation of the teeth. These sharks are called dog-fish probably from their hunting for prey or food in large packs, like hounds. The dog-fish of the great lakes of North America is a soft-rayed bony fish, generally placed in the herring family, and the genus amia (Linn.); the spotted lota, one of the cod family inhabiting fresh water, is also incorrectly called dog-fish by Lesueur.

DOG GRASS. See CouоH GRASS.

DOG STAR, or SIRIUS, the brightest and in appearance the largest of the fixed stars, named from the constellation Canis Major in which it appears. It is the Sothis of the ancient Egyp tians, and is one of the 6 fixed stars which Ptolemy enumerates in his catalogue as of a fiery red (iroкippos) color. Seneca also calls it (Nat. Quæst. i. 1) redder than Mars. It has at present a perfectly white light, and furnishes the only example of a historically proved change of color in the appearance of a star. It was undoubtedly already white in the time of Tycho Brahe, but of the period of its change there is little evidence. The Arabic astronomer El Fragani (Alfraganus), of the 10th century, invari

DOGE

ably follows Ptolemy, and, if Sirius had then been white, would hardly have failed to notice and remark upon the change. The Egyptians reckoned their year from one heliacal rising of the dog star to another, which was therefore called the "Sothic year.'

DOGE (Lat. dux, a leader), the title of the elective chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa. The dignity or office was called dogato. The doges of Venice were elected for life. The first of them was called to the dignity in the year 697, when Venice had scarcely risen to the importance of a city, and he and his successors ruled it as sovereigns, with nearly absolute power. But when the state grew mightier, both on land and sea, through commerce and conquests, its proud and wealthy nobles continually strove to check the power and influence of their elective head, and the government became more and more oligarchical, its form more and more republican, the dogate a magistracy, and finally a mere title. A great change in the constitution toward the end of the 12th century put the whole legislative power into the hands of the council of 470; this elected the executive council of 6, and the 60 pregadi, and the doge was elected by 12 electors, chosen by 24 members of the great council. The first chief magistrate thus elected was Sebastiano Ziani (1173), who, in order to make his dignity, now stripped of every power, at least popular, distributed money among the people at his installation; an act adopted by his successors as one of the ceremonies of inauguration. Another ceremony, introduced by the same doge, was that of marrying the sea, by a ring thrown into the waves of the Adriatic, which emblem of power over the mighty element was bestowed upon him with many other marks of dignity by Pope Alexander III., whom he supported in his long and bloody struggle against the emperor of Germany, Frederic Barbarossa. A new council of 40, established in 1179, and vested with supreme juridical power, also served to circumscribe the prerogatives of the doge. It was in vain that many a chief magistrate covered his office and the state with glory; in vain that Enrico Dandolo, the nearly blind octogenarian, led the victorious fleet of the 4th crusade to Constantinople (1202-'4), that he was, at both attacks, among the first to storm it, that he refused the conquered imperial crown; the growing and grasping might of the nobility was incessantly bent on the humiliation of the so-called chief of the state, which was completed in the 2d half of the 13th century, and at the beginning of the next, by the new and last election law, the most complicated instrument of indirect exercise of Sovereignty that has ever been framed, by the introduction under Gradenigo of the hereditary nobility and its golden book, and the establishment of the terrible council of 10, supreme in power, irresponsible, and judges of the doge himself. Stripped of nearly all his prerogatives, the power of the doge was confined to the com

mand of the army and the opportunity of profiting by the frequent strifes and contentions of the different councils and classes; and the office became so burdensome, that a law had to be framed (1339) prohibiting any one from laying it down, and that, in 1367, Contarini had to be forced to accept it. The doge was now but the president of the council, the mouthpiece of the republic; he received ambassadors, but could give them no answer of his own, and their letters he opened in the presence of the senate; money was struck in his name, but without his stamp or arms. He was not allowed to leave the city, to announce his accession to any but princes of Italy, to accept presents, to possess estates in foreign countries, or to marry his daughters to foreigners. His children and relatives were excluded from every important office. He was surrounded by spies, fined for every transgression, and his conduct scrutinized after his death by a tribunal of 3 inquisitors and 5 correctors. The chief magistrate was powerless, while the republic was mighty from its conquests in Greece, rich from the commerce of the East, and glorious in the sciences and art; he remained powerless when the republic, stripped of its eastern possessions by the Turks, of its commerce and wealth by the new maritime discoveries, languished and decayed. The office was destroyed with the state in 1797, by the French, under Bonaparte.-In Genoa, the first doge was elected for life in 1339, after the victory of the popular party over that of the nobility, and voluntarily shared his power with a council of state consisting of 12 members, 6 from the nobility, and 6 from the people. But during the long internal and external contentions of this republic, almost continually agitated by schemes of conquest and party struggles, the dogate was often modified, and sometimes even abolished. Andrea Doria, the great admiral, and the deliverer of the republic from the yoke of the French in 1528, reorganized it, and his constitution remained, but slightly altered, till the time of the French conquest (1797). According to it, the doge, who must be a noble, and 50 years of age, was elected for 2 years; he presided in the 2 legislative councils, of 300 and of 100; had the right of proposing and vetoing laws; exercised the executive power with 12 secret councillors; and resided in the palace of the republic. The ceremonies and restrictions connected with his election and dignity were similar to those in Venice. Napoleon, having founded the republic of Liguria, restored this ancient dignity (1802), and abolished both when elected emperor of the French (1804).

DOGGER, the name of a small vessel used by the Dutch fishermen, especially in fishing on the Doggerbank. It has 2 masts, and is not unlike a ketch.

DOGGERBANK, an extensive shoal in the centre of the North sea. The water on this bank where it is most shallow is 9 fathoms in depth, and abounds in fish. An obstinate naval battle was fought there on Aug. 5, 1781, between the

Dutch and English fleets, in which both were much crippled, and neither could claim the victory.

DOGS, ISLE OF, or POPLAR MARSHES, a peninsula in the river Thames, 3 m. below London, and opposite Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by the West India docks, and is rapidly filling up with establishments for heavy manufacturing, iron ship building, gas works, &c. The name is derived from its having been formerly the place where the king's hounds were kept. DOGWOOD (cornus, Linn.), a shrub or tree of the order tetrandria monogynia, under the middle size, deciduous, a native of Europe, Asia, and North America, of which there are several varieties. C. alternifolia (Linn.), the alternateleaved dogwood, is a small deciduous tree indigenous to North America, and is found in shady woods or by river banks in every latitude. It frequently attains a height of 15 to 20 feet. The leaves are alternate, ovate, and acute; flowers white, May to July; fruit purple, ripening in October. Of all the species of the genus the florida dogwood (C. florida, Linn.) is the most beautiful, and in its native soil under favorable circumstances attains a height of 30 to 35 feet. The specific name florida, from floreo, to blossom, was bestowed because of the profusion of the flowers it puts forth. Specific characters: branches shining; leaves ovate, acuminate, pale beneath; flowers umbellate, protruded after the leaves; leaves of involucre large, roundish, retuse; pomes ovate; flowers white and very large. It is found as far north as New Hampshire, but particularly abounds in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, where the soil is moist; in Florida and the Carolinas it deserts the barrens and is found only in swamps. In Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, it is not found in the forests except where the soil is gravelly. It was first described in Ray's Historia Plantarum, published in 1680, and afterward by Catesby in his "Natural History of Carolina." William Bartram, in his "Travels in Carolina and Florida," published in 1791, describes a remarkable grove of dogwood trees in Alabama, extending for 9 or 10 miles. The trees were about 12 feet high, spreading horizontally, their limbs meeting and interlocking with each other so as to form one vast, shady, cool grove, so dense and humid as to exclude the sunbeams and prevent the intrusion of almost every other vegetable. The wood of this tree is hard, finegrained, and susceptible of a high polish. It enters into the construction of many articles of ornament and utility, such as the handles of mallets, toys, harrow teeth, hames for horse collars, and the shoeing of sleds. The inner bark of the tree is very bitter, and has proved an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark in intermittent fever. Dr. Walker of Virginia, in a dissertation on the comparative virtues of the bark of these 2 plants, says that a summary recapitulation of the experiments made by him shows that the cornus florida and the Peruvian bark possess the same constituents, that is, gum,

mucilage, and extracts, which last contain the tannic and gallic acid, though in different proportions. Their medicinal virtues appear similar and equal in both forms. The extract and resin possess all their active powers. The bark may likewise be substituted for galls in the manufacture of ink. From the bark of the roots the Indians extract an excellent scarlet dye. The florida dogwood is often cultivated as an ornamental tree, its large flowers, which rival the whiteness of snow, affording a pleasing contrast with the deep green of the surrounding foliage.-The name dogwood is improperly given in some parts of the United States to the rhus venenata, a species of poisonous sumach.

DOHNA, a German family of counts (Burggraf), who trace their origin to the times of Charlemagne, and many of whom have occupied high positions in the military and civil service of Prussia.-KARL FRIEDRICH EMIL, born March 4, 1784, president of the military department in the Prussian cabinet and general of cavalry in 1854, when he retired from active service, died in Berlin, Feb. 21, 1859.

DOKOS, or DOKOES, a race of negroes said to inhabit a region of tropical Africa, S. of Abyssinia, near the river Gojeb. They were first fully described by the missionary Dr. Krapf, on the credit of a Galla slave who had visited their country, and whose relation was thought to bear every mark of truth, and was corroborated by other native accounts. According to this man, the Dokos are 4 feet high, of a dark olive complexion, and perfectly wild. They go naked, feed on ants, snakes, mice, and fruits, evince considerable intelligence, and are in great request by the people of Kaffa as slaves. They have no government, no laws, no priority of rank, no national feelings, no idea of marriage, and very little sense of religion. The mother abandons her child as soon as it is able to procure its own food. Their country is subject to almost incessant rains, and on account of the hostility of the surrounding nations is difficult of access. It is rarely visited except by slave dealers, who surround the wretched savages in their thick forests, entice them down from the trees in which they take refuge, and drive them into the plains, where immense numbers of them are captured. They have a horror of slavery, but easily become attached to their masters. They are supposed to be the "pigmies" whose existence has been a favorite belief since the days of Homer.

DOL, a French town, capital of a canton of the same name, in the department of Ille-etVilaine; pop. 4,181. It is wretchedly built, but contains a fine cathedral, and possesses considerable historical interest. During the middle ages it was again and again besieged, and passed into many different hands. In 1793 it was garrisoned by the Vendeans, and successfully resisted an attack of the republican troops. The old fortifications of the town are still standing. Its trade is principally in corn, hemp, and cider.

DOLABELLA, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS, a Roman

DOLCI

general, celebrated for his profligacy, born about 70 B. C., died 43 B. C. Notwithstanding his debauched character, he became the son-in-law of Cicero, and enjoyed several high offices of state. After the death of Cæsar, Dolabella, although the former had always been his friend, professed the utmost contempt for his memory, and, being supposed a good republican, obtained the consulship, and afterward from Antony the administration of the province of Syria. On his way thither, however, he committed such atrocious extortions and crimes that the senate declared him an enemy of the republic, and he was killed by one of his soldiers at his own order, to avoid falling into the hands of his enemies.

DOLCI, or DOLCE, CARLO, or CARLINO, an Italian painter, born in Florence, May 25, 1616, died there, Jan. 17, 1686. His father, grandfather, and uncle were all painters, and after the death of his father, his mother placed him at the age of 9 with Jacopo Vignali. Under Vignali's tuition Carlo's genius developed itself with such remarkable rapidity that after a few years he was able to attempt successfully a full-length figure of St. John. He next produced a picture of his mother, and the delicacy and tenderness which marked these early productions attracted much attention, and procured for him employment at home and abroad. Pietro de' Medici was among his earliest patrons, and brought him into notice at court. He devoted himself almost exclusively to sacred subjects, a branch of the art in harmony with his devout disposition. His works are deficient in imaginative genius, but they are all distinguished by agreeable coloring, a remarkable relief produced by his skilful management of chiaroscuro, a singular delicacy of composition, and a finish in which he approached almost the consummate patience and industry of the great Dutch masters. Although he was proverbially slow in the execution of his paintings, he amassed sufficient wealth for the honorable support of his family of 8 children. The sameness of expression in most of his pictures facilitates copies and imitations, which consequently abound all over Europe. He excelled most in small pictures, and the themes in which he was most successful are borrowed from the New Testament. Among his best works are the "St. Anthony" in the Florentine gallery, the "St. Sebastian" in the palazzo Corsini, the "Four Evangelists" in the palazzo Ricardi at Florence, and "Christ Breaking the Bread," in England, in the marquis of Exeter's collection at Burleigh. Dresden possesses several of his works, including "Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist" and "St. Cecilia, or the Organ Player." Another of his chief productions, "Christ on the Mount of Olives," is at the Louvre in Paris. -AGNESE, one of his daughters, who married a merchant named Carlo Baci, was one of his best pupils, and the most successful copyist of his works.

DOLE, a town of France, capital of an arrondissement of the same name, in the department of the Jura; pop. of the town in 1856, 9,443,

and of the arrondissement 72,185. It is neat and well built, and situated on the slope and at the foot of a hill on the right bank of the river Doubs, near the canal that joins the Rhone and the Rhine. The railway from Dijon to Besançon, which passes the town, gives it some importance as a place of transit between Paris and Switzerland. It is of great antiquity, having been founded by the Romans, and is situated on the old road leading from Lyons to the Rhine. Some remains of this work, as well as of an ancient aqueduct and theatre, are still to be seen. It was for a time the capital of Franche Comté, and the seat of a parliament. After having been taken once or twice previously, it was captured and dismantled by the French in 1674.

DOLET, ÉTIENNE, a French scholar and printer, born in Orleans in 1509, burned as a heretic in Paris, Aug. 3, 1546. He was very fond of classical studies, and was one of the especial admirers of Cicero, who were ridiculed by Erasmus, and warmly defended by Dolet and others. He was of a rash, impetuous disposition, which made him many enemies, who lost no opportunity of persecuting him. Having been often accused of cherishing heretical sentiments, he was at last adjudged an atheist by an ecclesiastical court at Paris, in consequence of an expression which he made use of in his translation of the Axiochus of Plato, which was not to be found in the original; and for this he was condemned and burned.

DOLGORUKI, the name of a princely Russian family, whose origin is carried back to Rurik, and several members of which occupy a place in the history of their country. I. GRIGORI, distinguished himself by the valiant defence of a monastery near Moscow against the Poles under Sapieha and other generals (1608'10). II. MARIA, was married in 1624 to Czar Michael, the first of the house of Romanoff, but died 4 months after. III. YURI, a general in the reigns of Alexis and Fedor, was killed in the revolt of the Strelitzes after the death of the latter czar in 1682, while defending the right of the young Peter the Great to the throne. IV. MIHAIL, son of the preceding, and minister of Fedor, perished with his father. V. YAKOB, a senator of Peter the Great, noted for his boldness and frankness toward his master, died in 1720. It is said that one day, having torn to pieces an imperial ukase in full council of the senate, he appeased the wrath of the czar, who threatened to kill him, by the words: "You have but to imitate Alexander, and you will find a Clitus in me." VI. IVAN, was the friend of Peter II., to whom his sister Catharine was betrothed; but the young czar having died on the day fixed for the marriage (1730), he was exiled to Siberia with all his family by Biron, duke of Courland, the favorite of the empress Anna. Recalled from exile, he was accused of a conspiracy against the life of the empress, and executed at Novgorod in 1739, other members of the family being beheaded or exiled. VII. VASILI, commanded the army of Catharine I.

in the war against Persia, was made field marshal in 1728, banished to Siberia in 1739 as an accomplice of the preceding, recalled by the empress Elizabeth, and died in 1755. VIII. VASILI, nephew of the preceding, commanderin-chief of the army of Catharine II., conquered the Crimea in a short campaign in 1771, and received from the empress the surname of Krimskoi. IX. VLADIMIR, resided for 25 years as minister of Catharine II. at the court of Frederic the Great, whose friendship be gained. X. YURI, Commanded in the wars of Catharine II. against the Turks and Poles, signalizing himself by his valor. XI. IVAN, one of the classical poets of Russia, was born in 1754, and died in St. Petersburg in 1823. XII. PAVEL, was the author of a Notice sur les principales familles de Russie (Brussels, 1843), an English translation of which, with annotations and an introduction, appeared in London in 1858.

DOLLAR, the monetary unit in the United States and several other countries, both of coined money and money of account. All values in the United States are expressed in dollars and cents, or hundredths. The term mill, for the o of a dollar, is rarely employed. The doilar unit, as a money of account, was established by act of congress of April 2, 1792, and the same act provides for the coinage of a silver dollar "of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current." The silver dollar was first coined in 1794, weighing 416 grains, of which 371 grains were pure silver, the fineness being 892.4 thousandths. The act of Jan. 18, 1837, reduces the standard weight to 412 grains, but increases the fineness to, the quantity of pure silver remaining 3711 grains as before; and at these rates it is still coined, in limited amount. The smaller silver coins are not of equal weight proportionally. (See COINS.) The act of March 3, 1849, directs the coinage of gold dollars. They were issued the same year, weigh ing 25 grains, fine, 23,22 grains being pure gold. All other coins of the United States are either multiples or subdivisions of the dollar. The term dollar is of German origin. During the years 1517-'26 the counts of Schlick, under a right of mintage conferred by the emperor Sigismund in 1437 upon their grandfather, Casper Schlick, caused to be struck a series of silver coins of 1 ounce weight, and worth about 113 cents of our money. These pieces were coined at Joachimsthal (Joachim's valley), a mining town of Bohemia, and came to be known in circulation as Joachimsthaler, and then for shortness Thaler; and this name for coins and money of account has been widely used in the German states ever since. Some German scholars, however, derive the term Thaler from talent, which was used in the middle ages, designating a pound of gold. In Norway and Sweden we find the daler, and in Spain the dalera, the famous Spanish dollar which for centuries figured so conspicuously in the commerce of the world. It was the Spanish pillar dollar (called also the milled dollar for its milled edge) that was taken as

the basis of the United States coinage and money of account. By the act of April 2, 1792, 3711 grains of pure silver and 244 grains of pure gold were declared to be equivalent one to the other, and to the dollar of account. At that time, as now in Great Britain, 113 grains of pure gold were the equivalent of the pound sterling. The value of £1 in federal money, therefore, was $4 56.5. Prior to this date, and during the confederation, the dollar of account, as compared with sterling currency, had been rated at 48. 6d., which was an exaggerated valuation of the Spanish dollar; and in precise accordance with this valuation the congress of the confederation had established $4 44.4 as the custom house value of the pound sterling. The effect of the act of 1792 was really to reduce the value of our dollar of account, but apparently to increase the value of the pound sterling about 24 per cent. By the act of June 28, 1834, the weight of fine gold to the dollar was reduced from 24.75 to 23.20 grains; and 3 years later, Jan. 18, 1837, it was fixed at 23.22 grains, where it now remains. Comparing this latter weight with the pound sterling of 113 grains, we find an apparent increase in the value of £1 to $4 86.6, an advance of exactly 9 per cent. upon the old valuation of $4 44.4. We have here the explanation of the existing practice in this country of quoting sterling exchange at 9 per cent. premium, when it is really at par. A much more simple and intelligible method would be to state in dollars and cents the ruling rate per pound sterling for bills on London, e. g. $4 84, $4 87, $4 90, &c. Spanish dollars were chiefly coined in the Spanish American colonies. The best known variety was the pillar dollar, so called from the 2 pillars on its reverse, representing the "Pillars of Hercules," the ancient name of the opposite promontories at the straits of Gibraltar. The rude imitation of these pillars in writing, connecting them by a scroll, is said to have been the origin of the dollar mark ($), now universally familiar. A more plausible explanation is that, as the dollar consisted of 8 reals, 8 R. being stamped upon it, the mark was designed to stand for the "piece of eight," as the dollar was commonly called. The two vertical lines distinguished it from the figure 8. The Spanish American dollars ceased to be coined when the colonies became independent, and since 1822 their place in commerce has been supplied by the dollars of Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru. (For values, &c., see COINS.)

DOLLART BAY, or THE DOLLART (Lat. Sinus Emdanus or Dollarius), an arm of the German ocean, about 10 m. in length from N. to S., and 7 m. in breadth. It lies between Hanover and the Netherlands, and extends to the estuary or mouth of the river Ems. It is supposed to have been formed by a terrible inundation in 1277, which destroyed nearly 50 villages. The sea has since receded in some measure from the Hanoverian shore, and several thousand acres of land have been recovered.

DÖLLINGER, IGNAZ, a German physiologist, born in Bamberg, May 24, 1770, died in Munich,