mails exchanged between the United States and the United States Postal Agency at Shanghai, China. Articles addressed for delivery at the following places in Chine, namely: Chefoo (Yentai), Chin-Kiang, Chung-King, Hankow, Hang-Chow, Ichang, Kaiping, Kagan, Kinkiang, Nanking, New-Chwang, Ningpo, Ourga, Peking, Shanghai, Taku, Tienstin, Wenchow, Wuchang, Wuhu and Yentai, are transmissible in the mails made up at San Francisco, Seattle and Tacoma for the United States Postil Agency at Shanghai; but at places other than Shanghai additional charges for postage may be collected of the addressees upon the delivery of the articles.

Parcels Post.-The first parcels post convention between the United States and any country in Europe was signed between the United States and Germany on August 26, 1899, and went into operation October 1. It was the beginning of a postal servic by means of which articles of merchandise may be exchanged by mail between the two countries, provided they are put up in packages which do not exceed 4 pounds 6 ounces in weight. The postage rate for parcels going from the United States to Germany is fixed at 12c. for each pound or fraction of a pound. The rate in Germany on parcels for the United States is fixed at 1 mark 40 pfennigs a parcel, whatever its weight. Provision is made for customs declaration and payment. The United States had parcels post conventions with several countries in Central and South America and the West India Islands, but this was the first convention made with any country in Europe. The law empowers the Postmaster General to make such conventions by and with the advice and consent of the President.

Postage Rates Between the United States, Cuba and Island Possessions.All mail matter sent between the United States and Cuba, the Island of Guam, the Philippine Archipelago, or Tutuila (including all adjacent islands of the Samoan group which are possessions of the United States), or from one to another of these islands is subject to the United States domestic classification, conditions and rates of postage.

NATURALIZATION LAWS.

Declaration of Intention.-An alien seeking naturalization as a citizen of the United States must declare on oath before a Circuit or District Court of the United States, or District or Supreme Court of the Territories, or a court of record of any of the States having common law jurisdiction and a seal and a clerk, at least two years before his admission, that it is bona fide, his intention to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign State or ruler, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

Oath on Application for Admission.-At the time of his application for admission he must also declare on oath, before some one of the courts above specified, "that he will support the Constitution of the United States, and that he absolutely and entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince, potentate, State or sovereignty, and particularly, by name, to the prince, potentate, State or sovereignty of which he was before a citizen or subject."

Conditions of Citizenship.-It must appear to the satisfaction of the court to which the alien has applied for final admission that he has resided continuously within the United States for at least five years, and in the State or Territory where the court is held at least one year, and that during that time "he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same."

Titles of Nobility.-If the applicant bears any her ditary title or belongs to any order of nobility, he must make an express renunciation at the time of 1is application.

Soldiers. Any alien, twenty-one years of age, or over, who has served one year, or over, in the Regular or Volunteer Army of the United States and has been honorably discharged, may, upon application to a court as specified above, proof of one year's residence, good moral character and honorable discharge, be admitted a citizen of the United States.

Seamen.-Seamen who have declared their intention to become citizens, and who, subsequently to such declaration, have served three years on board a merchant vessel of the United States, may be admitted to citizenship.

court

Navy or Marine Corps.-Any alien, twenty-one years of age, or over, who has served five years, or over, in the United States Navy or United States Marine Corps and has been honorably discharged, may, upon application to a specified above, proof of good moral character, five years' service and honorable dis charge, be admitted a citizen of the United States.

as

Wife. A wife may become a citizen by her husband's naturalization, if she might herself be lawfully naturalized.

Minors.--Any alien under the age of twenty-one, who has resided in the United States three years next preceding his twenty-first birthday, and has continued to reside therein up to the time he makes application to be admitted a citizen, may, after he arrives at the age of twenty-one, and after he has resided five years within the United States, including the three years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; but he must make a declaration on oath and prove to the satisfaction of the court that for the two years next preceding it has been his bona fide intention to become a citizen.

Children of Naturalized Citizens.-The children of persons who have been duly naturalized, being under twenty-one at the time of the naturalization of their parents, shall, if dwelling in the United States. be considered as citizens.

are

Citizens' Children Born Abroad.-The children of persons who now or have been citizens of the United States are considered as citizens, though they may be born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States.

Chinese.The Naturalization laws of the United States have never allowed

other than "free white persons" and "persons of African nativity or descent" to be naturalized. The naturalization of Chinamen is also expressly prohibited by Section 1, Chapter 126, Laws of 1882.

Protection of Naturalized . Citizens.-Section 2,000 of the Revised Statutes of the United States expressly declares that "all naturalized citizens of the United States while in foreign countries are entitled to and shall receive from this Government the same protection of person and property which is accorded to native born citizens."*

The Right of Suffrage.-The right to vote is conferred by the State, raturalization by the United States. In several States aliens who have declared their intentions enjoy the right to vote equally with naturalized or native born citizens. But the Federal Naturalization laws apply to the whole Union alike, and no alien may be naturalized until after five years' residence, except an honorably discharged soldier or a person whose parents have been naturalized while he was under twentyone years of age, as above recited. Even after five years' residence and due naturalization he is not entitled to vote unless the laws of the State confer the privilege upon him. Excluding Anarchists.-The act of March 3, 1903 (taking effect June 1, (1903), imposed these further restrictions on the naturalization of aliens: No person who disbelieves in or who is opposed to all organized government, or who is a member of or affiliated with any organization entertaining and teaching such disbelief in or opposition to all organized government, or who advocates or teaches the duty, necessity, or propriety of the unlawful assaulting or killing of any officer or officers, either of specific individuals or of officers generally, of the government of the United States or of any other organized government, because of his or their official character, or who has violated any of the provisions of this act, shall be naturalized or be made a citizen of the United States. All courts and tribunals and all judges and officers thereof having jurisdiction of naturalization proceedings or duties to perform in regard thereto shall, on the final application for naturalization, make careful inquiry into such matters, and before issuing the final order or certificate of naturalization cause to be entered of record the affidavit of the applicant and of his witnesses so far as applicable, reciting and reaffirming the truth of every material fact requisite for naturalization. All final orders and certificates of naturalization hereafter made shall show on their face specifically that said affidavits were duly made and recorded, and all orders and certificates that fail to show such facts shall be null and void.

Any person who purposely procures naturalization in violation of the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars, or shall be imprisoned not less than one nor more than ten years, or both, and the court in which such conviction is had shall thereupon adjudge and declare the order or decree and all certificates admitting such person to citizenship null and void. Jurisdiction is hereby conferred on the courts having jurisdiction of the trial of such offence to make such adjudication.

Any person who knowingly aids, advises or encourages any such person to apply for or to secure naturalization or to file the preliminary papers declaring an intent to become a citizen of the United States, or who in any naturalization proceeding knowingly procures or gives false testimony as to any material fact, or who knowingly makes an affidavit false as to any material fact required to be proved in such proceeding, shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars, or imprisoned not less than one nor more than ten years, or both.

PENSION LAWS AND STATISTICS.

To obtain a pension the applicant must file a claim with the Commissioner of Pensions, Washington, D. C. In a claim by the soldier he should set forth all his military or naval service, giving dates of enlistment and discharge. The prime requirement to establish a claim under act of July 14, 1862, usually termed the general law, is to show that the disability for which pension is claimed had its origin while in the service and line of duty; that it has existed as a disabling cause from date of discharge, and now exists in a degree pensionable under the law. In a claim under the act of June 27, 1890, the essential requirements are: A service of ninety days or more, an honorable discharge therefrom and proof that the disability for which pension is claimed is not due to claimant's own vicious habits, but it need not necessarily be of service origin. In a widow's claim it is necessary to show her legal marriage to the soldier, the date of his death, and, under the general law, that it was due to some cause of service origin. She must also show that she has remained his widow. If there are children of the soldier under sixteen years of age at the date of his death, their names should be given and the date of birth of each clearly shown. If any have died the date should be proved. In a widow's claim under the act of June 27, 1890, the requirement as to service is the same as under an invalid claim, and in addition thereto she must show a legal marriage to the soldier prior to the passage of the act, the fact of soldier's death (but it need not be shown to be due to service), her continued widowhood and that she is without other means of support than her daily labor. The act of May 9, 1900, amending the act of June 27, 1890, gives title to widows who are without means of support other than their daily labor and a net annual income of $250. A minor child's title to pension accrues only on the death or remarriage of the widow, which fact must be shown, in addition to the requirements in widow's claim. A dependent mother must show her relationship to the soldier, his celibacy, that he contributed to her support, that his death was due to some cause of service origin, the date of his death, and, under the general law, that she was dependent upon him at the date of his death. Under the act of June 27, 1890, it is only necessary to show dependence at date of filing claim and since then. A

dependent father must show relationship by legal marriage to soldier's mother, the date of soldier's birth and of the mother's death, in addition to the requirements in the mother's claim. Applications rejected by a Board of Pension Surgeons may be reconsidered on the evidence of two physicians that disability exists. Pensions for privates range from $6 to $30 a month in most cases though $72 a month is granted to those who have lost both feet or both eyes, and $100 a month to those who have lost both hands. The number of pensioners on the rolls on June 30, 1903, and the total amount paid during the fiscal year ended on that date were as follows:

There were added to the rolls during the year ending June 30, 1903, the names of 44,487 new pensioners. The number of pensioners lost from the rolls during the year was 47,388, showing a decrease of 2,301 on the rolls as compared with the close of the fiscal year 1902. The total of 996,545 pensioners on the rolls June 30, 1903, were classified as follows:

31

$2,439 45

20

4,619

1,188 00 648,053 04

113,512 30

$137,759, 653 71

Pension payments, the cost of the pension establishment and the number of pen-sioters carried on the roll from 1865 to 1903 are shown in the following table:

1867

20,784,789 69

490,977 35

21,275,767 04

155,474

169,643

29,077,774 08

187,963

1879.

29,351,488 78

G00,997 86

1871

28,518,792 62

182.

29,752,746 81

951,253 00

30,703,999 81

232,189

183.

26,982,063 89

966,794 13

3.173,573 12

236,241

28,951,288 34

232,137

In 1902 there were received 48,320 applications for mechanical patents, 1,170 applications for design patents, 151 applications for reissues of patents, 2,602 applications for registration of trade marks, 1,121 applications for registration of labels and 266 applications for registration of prints. There were 27,776 patents issued, including designs, 110 patents reissued, 2,006 trade marks registered, 2,602 labels and 158 prints. The number of patents that expired was 23,331. The number of allowed applications awaiting the payment of final fees was 9,284. The number that were forfeited for nonpayment of the final fees was 4,471. The total expenditures were $1,393,345 54. The receipts over expenditures were $159,513 54. The total balance to the credit of the Patent Office in the Treasury of the United States on January 1, 1903, was $5,488,984 61. In proportion to population more patents were issued to citizens of the District of Columbia than to those of any of the States or Territories-one to every 1,080. Next in order are the following: Connecticut, 1 to every 1,240; Massachusetts, 1 to every 1,439; Rhode Island, 1 to every 1,558; New-Jersey, 1 to every 1,605; Colorado, 1 to every 1,670; California, 1 to every 1,738; New-York, 1 to every 1,764; Illinois, 1 to every 1,906; Pennsylvania, 1 to every 2,257; Ohio, 1 to every 2,271; Washington, 1 to every 2,712; Nevada, 1 to every 2,822; Michigan, I to every 3,119: Montana, I to every 3,244; Arizona Territory, 1 to every 3,615; Indiana, 1 to every 3,723; Maryland, 1 to every 3,814; Minnesota, 1 to every 3,926; Wisconsin, 1 to every 3,971; Missouri, 1 to every 4,039; Oregon, 1 to every 4,135; Iowa, 1 to every 4,203; Delaware, 1 to every 4,296; New-Hampshire, 1 to every 4,378; Vermont, 1 to every 4,840; Nebraska, 1 to every 4,856; North Dakota, 1 to every 4,986; Maine, 1 to every 5,032; Kansas, 1 to every 5,308; Wyoming, 1 to every 6,168; Utah, 1 to every 6,289; Idaho, 1 to every 6,470; South Dakota, 1 to every 6,476; New-Mexico Territory, 1 to every 7,812; West Vir ginia, 1 to every 8,057; Oklahoma Territory, 1 to every 8,296; Texas, 1 to every 8,515; Virginia, 1 to every 9,224; Kentucky, 1 to every 9,255; Florida, 1 to every 9,272: Tennessee, 1 to every 10,922; Alaska Territory, 1 to every 12,688. The fewest patents granted in proportion to the number of inhabita its were in the following States and Territories: South Carolina, 1 to every 29,137; Alabama, 1 to every 20,547; North Carolina, 1 to every 19,523; Mississippi, 1 to every 17.046; Arkansas, 1 to every 15,801: Louisiana, 1 to every 15,700; Indian Territory, 1 to every 15,678; Georgia, 1 to every 13,681; Hawai! Territory. 1 to every 12,833.

Of foreign patents, 1,000 were granted to residents of England; Germany, 956; Canada, 892; France, 346; Austria-Hungary, 132; Scotland, 101; Switzerland, 78; Sweden,

63; Russia, 50; New-Zealand, 48; Belgium, 45; Italy, 39; Victoria, 36; Denmark, 31 Ireland, 28; New South Wales, 21; Mexico, 20; Norway, 17; the Netherlands, South Australia, 13; Cuba, 10.

16 The Patent Office issued 27,886 patents during the year 1902, the largest annual issue in its entire history. The total number of trade marks, prints and labels regis tered for the year 1902 was 2,931.

The number of mechanical patents issued during the year 1902 was 27,136, exceeding by 1.578 the issue of such patents for the preceding year, which was then the largest number issued by this office in any year. The operations of the Design Patent law, approved May 9, 1902, resulted in the diminution of the number of applications filed for design patents by 1,094 from the number issued during the previous year. The number of patents reissued during the year was 110, making the total issue of these three classes of patents 27,886 for the year 1902, against 27,373, the correspond ing figures for the preceding year. The number of certificates of registration of trade! marks was 2,006, an increase of 78. The number of certificates of registration of labels was 767, a reduction of 1-11 in such certificates. The number of prints for which certificates of registration were issued was 158, being one less in number than those issued for 1901.

An act approved March 3, 1903, amended four sections of the Revised Statutes relating to patents, as follows:

Section 4887 was amended so as to give effect, to the International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. This amendment, furthermore, extended the period within which an application for a patent could be ed in this country after an application abroad from seven months to twelve months.

Section 4892 was amended to require the authority of foreign officers administering oaths to applicants for patents to be proved by a certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States.

Section 4896 was amended so as to permit a foreign administrator of a deceased foreign inventor to file an application in this country upon the authority of such foreign administrator being proved by a certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer of the United States.

Section 4902 was so amended as to permit foreigners, as well as citizens of this country, to file caveats.

PASSFORT REGULATIONS.

The law forbids the granting of a passport to any person not a citizen of the United States, or loyal resident of an insular possession of the United States. A person who has only made the declaration of intention to become a citizen cannot receive a passport. No one but the Secretary of State may grant and issue passports in the United States. A person who is entitled to receive a passport, if temporarily abroad, should apply to the diplomatic representative of the United States in the country where he happens to be, or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the Consul-General of the United States, or, in the absence of both, to a consul of the United States. The necessary statements may be made before the nearest consular officer. Application for a passport by a person in one of the insular possessions of the United States should be made to the Chief Executive of such possession. The evidence required of a person making application abroad or in an insular possession of the United States is the same as that required of an applicant in the United States.

Such application, in the form of an affidavit, must be attested by an officer authorized to administer oaths. The applicant is required to state the date and place of his birth, his occupation, the place of his permanent residence, and within what length of time he intends to return to the United States with the purpose of residing and performing the duties of citizenship therein. The applicant must take the oath of allegiance to the Government of the United States. The application must be accompanied by a description stating the following particulars: Age, stature, forehead, eyes, nose, mouth. chin, hair, complexion, face, and by a certificate from at least one credible witness that the applicant is the person he represents himself to be, and that the facts stated in the affidavit are true to the best of the witness's knowledge and belief.

A person of the Chinese race, alleging birth in the United States, must accompany his application with supporting affidavits from at least two credib.e witnesses, preferably not of the Chinese race, having personal knowledge of the applicant's birth in the United States. A person born abroad whose father was a native citizen of the United States must show that his father was born in the United States, resided therein, and was a citizen at the time of the applicant's birth. The department may require that this affidavit be supported by that of one other citizen acquainted with the facts. A naturalized citizen must transmit his certificate of naturalization, or a duly certified copy of the court record thereof, with his application. He must state in his affidavit when and from what port he emigrated to this country, what ship he sailed in, where he has lived since his arrival in the United States, when and before what court he was naturalized, and that he is the identical person described in the certificate of naturalization.

If a woman making application is unmarried she should state that she has never been married. If she is the wife or widow of a native citizen of the United States the fact should be made to appear. If she is the wife or widow of a naturalizedcitizen she must transmit for inspection her husband's certificate of naturalization, must state that she is the wife (or widow) of the person described therein, and must. set forth the facts of his emigration, naturalization and residence, as required in the rule governing the application of a naturalized citizen. A married woman's citizen-.