SECT. V. In regard to the End in view... CHAP. XI. Of the Cause of that Pleasure which we receive from Objects or 134 ib. 137 140 145 151 Part II. The second Hypothesis Part III. The third Hypothesis.. Part IV. The fourth Hypothesis.. SECT. II. The Author's Hypothesis on this Subject BOOK II, Canon the Sixth.. Canon the Eighth THE FOUNDATIONS AND ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF ELOCUTION. CHAP. I. The Nature and Characters of the Use which gives Law to Language 162 SECT. I. Reputable Use ........ 164 SECT. II. National Use........ 168 SECT. III. Present Use.... 170 CHAP. II. The Nature and Use of Verbal Criticism, with its principal Canons. 174 SECT. I. Good Use not always Uniform in her Decisions. 176 Canon the First. Canon the Second . 177 179 181 Canon the Third Canon the Fourth ib. Canon the Fifth 182 SECT. II. Everything favoured by good Use, not on that Account worthy to be retained CHAP. III. Of grammatical Purity.. Part I. By the Use of obsolete Words Part II. By the Use of new Words .... Part III. By the Use of good Words new modelled SECT. II. The Solecism.... SECT. III. The Impropriety... Part I. Impropriety in single Words... Part II. Impropriety in Phrases. CHAP. IV. Some grammatical Doubts in regard to English Construction stated and examined. CHAP. V. Of the Qualities of Style strictly Rhetorical.. SECT. I. The Obscure.... Part I. From Defect.... Part II. From bad Arrangement.. Part III. From using the same Word in different Senses. Part IV. From an uncertain Reference in Pronouns and Relatives ..... ..................... ................ Page 130 227 237 239 ib. ib. 242 ...... 245 ....... 246 247 ib. 248 249 ib. 253 266 ib. 268 270 183 184 187 .... 188 Part VI. From technical Terms.. Part VII. From long Sentences SECT. II. The double Meaning.. Part I. Equivocation Part II. Ambiguity. SECT. III. The Unintelligible Part I. From Confusion of Thought. Under this the various Kinds of Nonsense: 1. The Puerile 2. The Learned 3. The Profound.. 271 272 .... 275 4. The Marvellous. 276 CHAP. VII. What is the Cause that Nonsense so often escapes being detected, both by the Writer and by the Reader? 278 SECT. I. The Nature and Power of Signs, both in speaking and in thinking.. ib. SECT. II. The Application of the preceding Principles 287 18 192 ib. ib. 195 197 202 213 ib. 224 THE DISCRIMINATING PROPERTIES OF ELOCUTION. CHAP I. Of Vivacity as depending on the Choice of Words...... SECT. II. Rhetorical Tropes CHAP. VIII. The extensive Usefulness of Perspicuity.. SECT. I. When is Obscurity apposite, if ever it be apposite, and what kind?. ib. 300 SECT. II. Objections answered CHAP. IX. May there not be an Excess of Perspicuity?... ........... 305 BOOK III. .... Part I. Preliminary Observations concerning Tropes Part I. Tautology Part II. Pleonasm........................................ .......... Page 295 2. The most interesting Circumstance distinguished..... 3. Things Sensible for things Intelligible.. 325 4. Things Animate for things Lifeless 327 331 Part III. The Use of those Tropes which are obstructive to Vivacity SECT. III. Words considered as Sounds..... 338 Part I. What are articulate Sounds capable of imitating, and in what Degree? 339 351 ought it to be attempted?. CHAP. II. Of Vivacity as depending on the Number of the Words............ 353 SECT. I. This Quality explained and exemplified. ib. SECT. II. The principal Offences against Brevity considered ... 358 ib. 360 363 372 ............. ... Part III. Verbosity CHAP. III. Of Vivacity as depending on the Arrangement of the Words SECT. I. Of the Nature of Arrangement, and the principal Division of Senten ces SECT. II. Simple Sentences.......................................................................................... Part I. Subdivision of these into Periods and loose Sentences .......... course.. SECT. I. The Necessity of Connectives for this Purpose SECT. II. Observations on the Manner of using the Connectives in combining Sentences......... ib. 321 ib. 322 292 401 Part III. Observations on loose Sentences.. Part IV. Review of what has been deduced above in regard to Arrangement 403 CHAP. IV. Of the Connectives employed in combining the Parts of a Sentence 404 SECT. I. Of Conjunctions SECT. II. Of other Connectives. 405 411 SECT. III. Modern Languages compared with Greek and Latin, particularly in regard to the Composition of Sentences.. 419 CHAP. V. Of the Connectives employed in combining the Sentences in a Dis ib. 374 388 ib. 423 ib. 424 INTRODUCTION ALL art is founded in science, and the science is of little value which does not serve as a foundation to some beneficial art. On the most sublime of all sciences, theology and ethics, is built the most important of all arts, the art of living. The abstract mathematical sciences serve as a groundwork to the arts of the land-measurer and the accountant; and in conjunction with natural philosophy, including geography and astronomy, to those of the architect, the navigator, the dialist, and many others. Of what consequence anatomy is to surgery, and that part of physiology which teaches the laws of gravitation and of motion, is to the artificer, is a matter too obvious to need illustration. The general remark might, if necessary, be exemplified throughout the whole circle of arts, both useful and elegant. Valuable knowledge, therefore, always leads to some practical skill, and is perfected. in it. On the other hand, the practical skill loses much of its beauty and extensive utility which does not originate in knowledge. There is, by consequence, a natural relation between the sciences and the arts, like that which subsists between the parent and the offspring. I acknowledge, indeed, that these are sometimes unnaturally separated; and that by the mere influence of example on the one hand, and imitation on the other, some progress may be made in an art, without the knowledge of the principles from which it sprang. By the help of a few rules, which men are taught to use mechanically, a good practical arithmetician may be formed, who neither knows the reasons on which the rules he works by were first established, nor ever thinks it of any moment to inquire into them. In like manner, we frequently meet with expert artisans, who are ignorant of the six mechanical powers, which, though in the exercise of their profession they daily employ, they do not understand the principles whereby, in any instance, the result of their application is ascertained. The propagation of the arts may therefore be compared more justly to that variety which takes place in the vegetable kingdom, than to the uniformity which obtains universally in the animal world; for, as to the anomalous race of zoophytes, I do not comprehend them in the number. It is not always necessary that the plant spring from the seed, a slip from another plant will often answer the purpose. There is, however, a very considerable difference in the B expectations that may justly be raised from the different 66 Indeed, in almost every art, even as used by mere practitioners, there are certain rules, as hath been already hinted, which must carefully be followed, and which serve the artist instead of principles. An acquaintance with these is one step, and but one step, towards science. Thus, in the common books of arithmetic, intended solely for practice, the rules laid down for the ordinary operations, as for numeration, or numerical notation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and a few others, which are sufficient for all the purposes of the accountant, serve instead of principles; and, to a superficial observer, may be thought to supersede the study of anything farther. But their utility reaches a very little way, compared with that which results from the knowledge of the foundations of the art, and of what has been, not unfitly, styled arithmetic universal. It may be justly said that, without some portion of this knowledge, the practical rules had never been invented. Besides, if by these the particular questions which come exactly within the description of the rule may be solved, by the other such general rules themselves, as serve for the solution of endless particulars, may be discovered. The case, I own, is somewhat different with those arts which are entirely founded on experiment and observation, and are not derived, like pure mathematics, from abstract and universal axioms. But even in these, when we rise from the individual to the species, from the species to the genus, and thence to the most extensive orders and classes, we arrive, though in a different way, at the knowledge of general truths, which, in a certain sense, are also scientific, and answer a similar purpose. Our acquaintance with nature and its laws is so much extended, that we shall be enabled, in numberless cases, not only to apply to the most profitable purposes the |
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